Model of Albert Memorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Model of Albert Memorial - Essay Example Built around 1863 by Sir George Gilbert Scott, model of the Albert Memorial still remains to be an authentic emblem of neo-Gothic architecture till date. The plastered and gilt model neatly wears a polished gander testifying to the facsimile of the original Memorial tower located in Kensington Gardens in the English capital.2 The model was commissioned by Queen Victoria to commemorate Prince Albert, her beloved husband who passed away in 1861. This essay is going to discuss the key points related to the model of Albert Memorial and not the Memorial itself. These points will pertain to the designing and production of the object as well as the technical aspects of the neo-Gothic style of architecture. The literature studies will involve exhaustive analysis of relevant sources, including images, critiques, historical accounts and other informative data. The model of Albert Memorial depicts a seated figure of Prince Albert shielded by a covering which is adorned with symbolic figures of angels. It is topped by a cross and positioned on a platform having ornamented horizontal bands between the architrave and the cornice. Figures of poets, painters, architects and authors are carved on the friezes with moulded plaster. ... It was orchestrated by the fact that middle class segment of the society gained ascendance following steady decline of the aristocratic upper class. The Industrial Revolution that shook the whole of Europe during this time also opened up new job avenues for the skilled craftsmen. Subsequently, both the elite class and the growing middle class could share a common point of interest ahead of the revivalistic phase during Queen Victoria's regime. In essence, the Industrial Revolution captured the spirit of the Aesthetic movement in the British society.4 Veblen (2004: 194) argues that the flurry of products conforming to the genre of industry arts was not caused by some arbitrary movement in aesthetic competence. Rather it was very much an acquired skill mastered through proper grooming of the workers within a systematic framework.5 Thus it would be justified to claim that the deployment of skilled workforce by Queen Victoria for the task of building the Albert Memorial model corresponde d to the norms of the transition from the Elizabethan to the Victorian era. Figure 2. Red House, Kent: Aesthetic Movement (Strickland and Handy 2001: 101) Mainly cast plaster is used to build the model, with a metallic framework to provide support. As far as decoration is concerned, an array of architectural techniques is incorporated to make it look like the original Memorial. The triangular gables beneath the covering are affixed with gilded and pied paper works representing mosaic. Granite effect is created through a scagliola-like decoration vested in the column shafts, the model floor, bases of the four corners, and the steps. The sculptured band around the base and other portions of the model are painted with a thick layer of

Competing Through Operations (Business,International and Management) Research Paper

Competing Through Operations (Business,International and Management) - Research Paper Example The report will incorporate different economic indicators to check the performance and various other factors that can improve and boost the business of McDonalds. Performance objectives of McDonalds: McDonald’s is considered as one of the largest food chains in the world and to improve as well as boosting up their business, the company officials have to devise new policies and objectives that can enhance their performance on every aspect so that to maintain their widespread status of the largest and most reputable food chain in the world. McDonald’s is also considered the largest user of beef in Europe, which actually number 8-9000 cattle per week, which are needed to satisfy the production needs of the McDonald’s in only UK. The company follows a philosophy of developing a collaborative approach with their clients, and they are committed to share the best experience with their suppliers as well as with their customers. The important part of the philosophy of McD onald’s is to keep improving in their business for which they devise new objectives which are basically modified version of the previous years’ objectives. The company is not only aimed to improve its relations with the clients and customers, but also with the suppliers on the primary as well as on secondary level. To check whether the staff is working properly, and whether the company has met its revenue gains according to the predictions made, the company prepares some performance objectives, which actually mean the execution of some policies through which those objectives can be achieved via an enhanced performance in every department. The five main performance objectives of McDonald’s are as follows: Speed: this objective is required to be achieved by the management of McDonald’s because the efficiency and speediness of the staff will be the only key to improve the gains which is the ultimate goal of the management officials. Cost: another main object ive of the management is to pursue such policies and regulations through which their production cost is reasonably lower. Quality: with the costs lowered, the management also seeks to improve the quality of its products as well as every other aspects such as the customer satisfaction, and customer-staff relations that are in the priority list of the company and they always seek to make a positive environment. Dependability: The Company knows it very well that without the efficient staff as well as a team of suppliers; the business of McDonald’s is not going to operate well. Therefore, the management has made it an objective to create an environment of dependability where all the individuals are working together as a team and where the concept of individuality is not existing, and that’s the only way through which the overall performance will be increased and improved. Flexibility: the staff of the organization needs to be flexible and able to do all the works, and ther efore the management has made it an objective to create such an environment in which all the workers are working together and their flexibility of each of the individual workers will be jumbled up in order to make a better team to run the business. The main conclusion that can be made from reviewing the 5 performance objectives of the McDonald’s is that the management has really made it an essential objective to create such a harmonic environment in which all the workers are working as a team and a coherence and team unity is established which is the

Difference in Hercules and Spiderman Essay Example for Free

Difference in Hercules and Spiderman Essay In many Greek hero myths and stories, protagonists are presented with a series of hardships or task they must past. In the book Mythology by Edith Hamilton Hercules tries to achieve atonement. He brainlessly accepts all the challenges that Eurystheus gave him, while Spiderman thinks thoroughly before he performs his actions. The tradition of achieving atonement has deteriorated away from modern culture myths. In the book Spiderman the hero of Stan Lee’s novels, Spiderman tries to achieve security and stability for his community. Hercules is driven to serve the society because of his guilt while Spiderman serves the society willingly, which shows the difference between the Greek and modern idea about serving the society. The guilt that drives Hercules and the effort to make the society a better place drives Spiderman, shows that the idea of atonement has faded away in modern myths. Greek heroes such as Hercules show heroism that is not displayed in modern day myths. Heroes such as Hercules do many things without thinking such as, encountering many creatures and performing tasks they would have never thought possible. For example, as Hercules tries to achieve atonement for the horrible acts that he has committed against his family and he must complete twelve tasks, one of which involves going down into the underworld: â€Å"His task was to bring Cerberus, the three-headed dog, up from Hades† (Hamilton 174). This task requires a lot of strength and courage as mentioned by Hamilton, â€Å"He lifted him and carried him all the way up to earth and on to Mycenae† (Hamilton 174). Without Hercules this task could not be accomplished by anyone. All twelve of the tasks that Hercules was to perform didn’t not require much intelligence or cleverness, just strength. In many Greek myths there are no brains involved in the deed or action executed, just senseless killing and other tests of strength. On the other hand Spiderman performs his heroic acts with not only with his strength but also with intelligence. By using intelligence Spiderman has a much better chance of accomplishing his duty. For example, while the Green Goblin tied up Spiderman he was, â€Å"†¦to quickly think how to escape† (Lee 87). Greek myths have evolved form heroes performing actions brainlessly to heroes performing action with intellectual aid. Many Greek heroes perform lawful acts for their community that modern day heroes do not perform. Many Greek heroes serve their community because they want to achieve atonement for the acts that they have performed. In the case of Hercules, â€Å"†¦a wrong who has sent the madness upon him† (Hamilton 169). Hercules had gone mad after his wife, Megara has borne him three sons, â€Å"He killed his children and Megara, too, as she tried to protect the youngest (Hamilton 169). As the story continues to go on Hercules lives the rest of his life wanting to avenge his own life for the awful act that he has committed. As Hercules rushes out to kill himself his friend Theseus stood before him telling him why he shouldn’t kill himself: â€Å"Even so, suffer and be strong,† (Hamilton 170). Theseus is implying that that Hercules should be strong and wait for death because, â€Å"†¦ he rejected the idea that a man could be guilty of a murder when he had not known what he was doing† (Hamilton 170). And so Hercules went on to his cousin Eurystheus and there his cousin gave him twelve tasks that he must perform in order to achieve death. As Hercules performs this action, he almost accomplishes them with ease and after finishing all of the tasks no death had been brought upon him so he brought death upon himself, and therefore avenged his actions against his family. In the case of Spiderman, he serves his community in order to have a safe and secure community for himself and for the city. Spiderman willingly risks his life to keep the community in which he lives a safe place. Clearly myths and stories have evolved from serving the community in order to achieve eternal piece to thinking about others and performing deeds for others. In conclusion, Hercules and Spiderman have many differences but their biggest difference is that Hercules performs his duties and heroic acts brainlessly, while Spiderman performs his heroic duties with intelligence and strategy. Our modern day myths no longer have the idea of atonement instead, the heroes serve their community willingly. This is what makes a hero a true hero.

The Economic Reform of China Essay Example for Free

The Economic Reform of China Essay In the late 1970s, China initiated a full-scale economic reform in rural and urban parts of the country, because of the economic reform China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to an emerging market economy and at the same time its economy has achieved nearly a 9.5 percent average growth rate. The pace of China’s growth is not unique — Korea, Singapore and other economies in East Asia grew as fast in the 1970s and 1980s. What is unprecedented historically is its scale. The size of China’s population, market and geography, and the dynamism that flowed from economic reform and transformation are what define its impact on the rest of the world. Despite a still relatively low per capita income, the sheer size of the Chinese economy has made China a significant player in world production, consumption, trade and increasingly international finance and the environment. The historic decision on â€Å"reform and opening-up† made at the Third Plenum of the CCP Eleventh Party Congress on December 18-22, 1978, marked the beginning of China’s reform era. At the time, China had a clear desire to increase productivity and raise living standards by reforming its economic system and structure, but it did not have a clear objective of what the new system would be like. Furthermore, the reform did not have a well-designed strategy or policy measures. China’s economic reform was often distinguished from the market reform of the Soviet Union and many former socialist countries in Eastern Europe. First, unlike the case of the Soviet Union, China did not change its political system and was able to maintain political stability. Second, China’s reform process did not have a blueprint. Each step was taken after drawing the experience of the previous step. As Deng put it, the process was like a person walking across the river by feeling the rocks in each step. This characteristic was necessitated by the lack of knowledge of what kind of market economy was suitable for China on the part of the leaders. They had  to learn by experimentation. Secondly, experimentation helped convince the party members of the validity of the new institutions. The slogan â€Å"to build an economic system with Chinese characteristics† was introduced in the early 1980’s and remains in constant use in the early 2000’s. â€Å"Chinese characteristics† mean the results of experimentation that are shown to work for China. This slogan also implies that the Chinese leaders are pragmatic and not confined to a set of old Communist ideology. Recall Deng Xiaoping’s famous statement, â€Å"it does not matter whether a cat is black or white as long as it catches mice.† Pragmatism over ideology is an important trait of China’s reform process. China’s reform measures that resulted from experimentation include the â€Å"household responsibility system† in agriculture, autonomy and the †contract responsibility system† for state industrial enterprises, the free economic zones as experiments for foreign trade and investment policies, and the introduction of share-holding companies in Jiang Zemin’s report of September 1997 partly as a result of the successful experience of some small and medium sized state enterprises that was initiated by the individual enterprises themselves. One advantage of China’s economic condition over that of the Soviet Union at the early stage of reform was that the Chinese farmers knew how to farm as private farmers. Collective farming was introduced under the Commune System only in 1958, twenty years before the reform. The farmers still remembered how to farm and they also had some practice in 1963-1965 during the president of Liu Shaoqi who introduced some elements of private farming after the economic collapse of the Great Leap Forward Movement of 1958-62. On the other hand collective farming had been introduced in the 1930’s, sixty years before the reform of the Soviet economy in the early 1990’s. Russian farmers did not know how to farm as individual farmers. The large increase of agricultural productivity in China served as the basis for further economic growth and reform. In 1977, Deng Xiaoping made it clear that performance should be the main consideration in the economic and social advancement of individuals. In  other words, professionalism and results should count. Furthermore, he emphasized the importance of academics and scientists for the future of the economic development and the international standing of China. He thought that this should be more widely recognized by the Chinese people. During 1978, Deng Xiaoping’s reform philosophy gained growing support in the CCP and its desirability was accepted in December 1978 at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. This session proved to be a turning point in the direction of China’s policies for its economic and social development. It was decided at this meeting that the system and methods of economic management in China would be transformed; economic co-operation with other countries would be expanded; special efforts would be made to adopt the world’s advanced technologies and equipment; and that scientific and educational work would be greatly strengthened to meet the needs of modernization. The importance of the four modernizations (modernizing agriculture, industry, national defense, science and technology) was emphasized. 2.0. Meaning of reform 2.1. Agriculture Beginning in 1978 several major institutional reforms have been undertaken. First is the adoption of the household responsibility system in agriculture. Collective farming under the Commune system introduced by Mao in 1958 in the Great Leap Forward Movement was being practiced. Farmers worked as a team consisting of some forty persons. A farmer could not get extra reward by working harder because all members of the team would share the additional output due to his additional labor. Chinese farmers deserved credit for initiating reform in agriculture. Some farmers realized that if they farmed separately the team could produce more in total and still delivered the same amount of output required by the procurement system for government distribution of agricultural products in the economy. The Commune system was changed as the team was reorganized by distributing its land to individual households to farm separately, each getting the additional reward for additional labor after delivering a fixed amount of  output to the team for delivery to the government procurement agencies. Such practice was introduced and spread in many areas of the country. In 1978, Deng recognized its beneficial effects and adopted it as a national policy and called it the â€Å"household responsibility system.† Agricultural output increased rapidly in China. The farmers became richer. The success of reform in agriculture served as the foundation of reform in other sectors not only by increasing the supply of food but also by changing the ideological thinking of Communist Party members in support of a market economy. 2.2. State-owned Enterprises Reform of Chinese state enterprises is an example of a gradual approach to economic reform through experimentation. The first was to give state enterprises some autonomy in production, marketing and investment decisions rather than simply carrying out the decisions under a system of central planning. The experiment began in late 1978 with six enterprises in Sichuan Province. By the end of June 1980, 6,600 industrial enterprises that were allowed to make such autonomous decisions produced about 45 percent of the total output of all state industrial enterprises. The second was to make them financially independent, allowing them to keep the earnings as their own profits after paying taxes to the state, rather than as revenue belonging to the government. The third was to introduce a responsibility system similar to the household responsibility system in agriculture, first to selected parts of the enterprise under the important reform Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in October 1984, and later to an enterprise in 1987. Under the responsibility system, a part of an enterprise was allowed to keep the remaining profit after surrendering a fixed amount to the enterprise controlling it. In 1987, further reform of the state enterprises was carried out under the â€Å"contract responsibility system.† After paying a fixed tax to the government having jurisdiction over it, each state enterprise was allowed to keep the remaining profit for distribution to its staff and workers and for capital investment. Within one year in 1987, almost all state enterprises were under the new â€Å"contract responsibility system.† The idea of such a system sounded appealing to the economic officials who designed it, as witnessed by the  author who participated at meetings with these officials. However, the incentives provided under the system turned out to be less impressive than expected. First, the so-called fixed levy to each enterprise was not really fixed but was subject to change depending on the profits of the enterprise. The tax was increased when the profits were higher than expected. This partly destroyed the incentives provided by a fixed levy, which would not interfere with the optimal marginal cost and benefit calculations of the enterprise. Secondly, the additional revenue was not put into good use. The managers could not receive sufficient compensation because a high salary to management was socially and ideologically unacceptable. When profits were high the workers received additional compensation in the form of durable goods such as color TV sets and refrigerators because money wage had to follow a fixed scale nationally. The additional reward was not dependent on additional effort. Third, investment policy might not be optimal in the sense that risk taking by a manager was not sufficiently compensated. Forth, the quality of the managers was poor in general because they were not trained under a free market system. Bureaucracy and personal connections determined the selection of manager to a considerable extent. Significant steps on state enterprise reform were taken in the late 1990’s as stated in the important report of Jiang Zemin to the Congress of the Communist Party in September 1997. China government was to give up ownership and control of small and medium sized state enterprises while keeping the control of large enterprises. Shares were issued for a small or medium enterprise, to be purchased by its managers and staff. The state would give up most of its shares. This would help an infusion of capital to the enterprise. In many instances, the incentives provided to the workers who share a part of the profits were significant. The large enterprises can be transformed to various forms depending on the circumstances, but most of these enterprises were to become shareholding companies of one kind or another, with the state controlling the majority shares. From my point of view, changing the form of ownership on paper alone could not and does not make the enterprise efficient. First, the management itself may not be improved. The lack of qualified managers of modern corporations in China cannot be resolved by such reform. Second, many managers were still selected  by personal connections under the Chinese bureaucratic system. One manager told the author that the new system did not change the supervision and authority his former bosses. These same people now became members of the board under the new system. Some managers also complained that the time spent on committee and board meetings increased under the new system. In some instances, the government was willing to sell the entire enterprise to a foreign investor, especially a person of Chinese decent living in Hong Kong or a South Eastern Asian country. There are examples of successful transformation of large state enterprises. 2.3. The Banking and Financial Sector When the planning system was being changed from â€Å"compulsory† planning to â€Å"guidance† planning as stipulated by the October 1984 Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party a macro-economic control mechanism was to be introduced which required a more modern banking system. Before economic reform, the People’s Bank was a mono-bank that had branches to accept deposits from the public. Its other functions were to issue currency and to extend loans to state enterprises according to the need specified and approved by the planning authority. It had no authority to decide on these loans. Commercial banks did not exist in the sense of being able to extend credits to enterprises according to the criterion of profitability. In 1983 the People’s Bank was nominally transformed into a central bank. Specialized banks, including the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China and the People’s Construction Bank of China, were established and given some autonomy in the extension of credits in the early 1980’s in the same way that state industrial enterprises were given autonomy to make production decisions. This led to the rapid increase in the supply of currency in 1984 by 50% and an inflation rate of 8.8% by the overall retail price index in 1985. Reforms of the banking system to serve a market economy (as the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared China’s economy to be a socialist market economy in October 1992) progressed gradually in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. In November 1993, the Third Plenum of the 14th Central Committee of the Communist Party decided to accelerate reform of the financial sector by giving more independence to the People’s Bank as a central bank and transforming the specialized banks to  commercial banks. Two significant dates are March 18, and May 10, 1995, when the People’s Congress passed respectively the Law on The People’s Bank of China and the Commercial Banking Law. Although there the provisions of these laws were not actually carried out in practice, the laws provide a blueprint for the banking system and serve as a convenient framework for us to understand the working of the system. Banking reform is one important example to demonstrate the rule that institutions cannot be changed by legislation alone. Besides the banking system, other financial institutions were changed. In 1981 the government formed the China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC) to attract foreign capital. Similar investment trusts under the sponsorship of provincial governments followed. Stock markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen were established in the early 1990s. As pensions were provided under a new social security system, pension funds became an important source for savings and investment. The domestic insurance business, after being suspended for over twenty years, was reopened. Foreign insurance companies have been allowed to operate in China. The financial sector can be expected to expand further as foreign companies enter under the provisions of the WTO. 2.4. Education system Concerning the education system, while China had a combination of private and public schools at all levels before 1949, the education system was drastically changed in the early 1950’s. All schools were brought under government control, with private schools and universities taken over by public educational organizations. Higher education was modeled after the Soviet education system. Universities were broken up into colleges specializing in technical training. The special technical schools were administered by the government units requiring the services of their graduates. The operation of the education system was seriously interrupted by the Cultural Revolution, with many colleges and universities closed and school enrollment drastically reduced. Ever since economic reform started China’s educational system quickly returned to normal and began to improve. Universities were opened after the interruptions of the Cultural Revolution. Students were given opportunities to take examinations to enter universities and graduate schools. Intellectuals who had been criticized and mistreated were restored to their previous status and given due respect. People were eager to learn. Students seized upon their educational opportunities and studied diligently. The population as a whole wanted to absorb new ideas and knowledge from the outside world since they had been deprived of such knowledge when China was closed to the outside world. Foreign scholars and professionals of all kinds were invited to China to lecture, in schedules so full that even enthusiastic lecturers became exhausted. The Ministry of Education and the State Education Commission from 1985 to 1998, sponsored programs to cooperate with foreign educational institutions to improve education in China. At the same time individual universities were given the freedom to invite foreign scholars to lecture and they did so effectively. Students were sent abroad to study, and were permitted to go abroad by their own initiatives. Modern textbooks were adopted in university courses. Efforts were made to translate modern texts into Chinese and to write new texts in Chinese. As time went on, the skill in modern languages especially English improved rapidly and texts in English began to be adopted. 3.0. Conclusion In summary economic reform consisted of changes in agriculture system, reform of state enterprises, reform of banking and financial sector, and education system, which the changes taking place step by step depending on the results of and experience gained in previous steps. Many shortcomings of the China’s economic reform remain, but rapid economic growth continues. China’s economic development cannot be understood without taking into account its historical, political and cultural background. Based on the above discussion, we may learn seven major lessons from Chinese economic reforms. First, the most important principle for a successful transition from a planned economy to a market economy is pragmatism. Second, the incremental approach generates the momentum from earlier reform success and thus provides a political basis for the further reforms. Third, successful reforms rely on political support, which in turn depend on delivering tangible benefits to a large majority of the population. In addition, there are high international hopes that China will continue to be an engine  contributing to global economic growth for some time to come and signs of economic recovery in China have strengthened global economic confidence in recovery from the current economic recession.

Ways To Overcome Plagiarism

Ways To Overcome Plagiarism As we know, plagiarism has becoming part of life among colledge student. They cannot live without doing plagiarism because of it is easy way for them to do their assingment. Almost al the fresh graduate nowdays is not in high quality because of their plagiarism while their studying. They doenst really understand what they been studied and this will affected when they started to work. Their perfomance are poor because of no experiences and understanding while studying. Employers will complaints and not satiesfied of their work and this will increasing the number of unemployed people. However, there are many ways have been found to solve this plagiarized problem. For example colledge have reacted to this situation with writing rule which is student convicted of plagiarism will go through application to graduate school,job application later with one word clear that is plagiarised. There also have been created a program that can detected that the report or work is a plagiarized or not. This program are known as Turnitin that can detect that the report is a plagiarized or not. This program work to identify the passage or paragraph and it will tell you where it have been found. With this report I have been listed what is plagiarism and plagiarism that happen among student. I also suggested some ways that we can used in order to overcome this problem. SIX HATS WHITE HAT (INFORMATION, FACTS) Professor Amrin got a complaint from the industry about a percentage of gardutes from EITM does not perform well in their work. After he got the complaint, Professor Amrin had do a random check on their previous work. From the result he found that, the majority of studentd got the element of plagiarism because from their works had some same point. In this case, professor amrin expected that its will be give impact to the whole process being a genuine graduates. From that case, he found that plagiarism have many type. Some types of plagiarism is: Total / partial copying When you submit an assigment, report or project that you have copied totally or partially from a website, a friends work, or some other sources without acknowledgement, this is plagiarism besause: You did not do any original research or writing. The work is created by someone else and yet you put your name on it. If you were to change a few words or substitute some words / phrases in the original text with your own, you would still be plagiarizing. Plagiarized text with word changes. Qualitative research is an approach to research methodology in social sciences. Qualitative research involves a deep understanding of human behaviour and the reason that control human. It relies on reasons behind various aspects of behaviour. Cut and paste Another type of plagiarism involves copying large chunks of text from one or more original sources and inserting them into the assignment. For example, suppose you are doing the above assignment on Qualitative Research and you include a few sentences from the wikipedia website. Unless you present the sentences as a quote with full citation, you are committing plagiarism. Inappropriate paraphrase A more subtle type of plagiarism is the Inappropriate Paraphase. In this form of plagiarism, the quoted text is: Altered only slightly from the original and no acknowledgement of the original author is given. Extensively paraphrased but with acknowledgement of the original author. GREEN HAT (CREATIVITY,NEW IDEAS,SUGGESTION) Professor Amrin suggest and generate new ideas. The ideas include what to do and what not to do. Quotation A quotation is a word for word presentation of what is said or written in someone elses work. Its presented by using quotation mark (.). The sourceof the quote must be cited in the text and reference list. Sometimes quotation referred to as a Direct Quote. What To Do: Quote only when necessary the quoted part should only be supplementary to your own work. Copy the sentence(s) exactly the same as the original. Emti is committed to the fight against plagiarism. Use quotation marks () At the beginning and the end of the quote (for a long quote, use an indented block set off from the main text. Identify every source of the quote; write its author, title of article / journal / book, volume number, year and place of publication, publisher, page number, website address, etc. What Not To Do: Substituting just a few words in the original text and passing it off as your own also borrowing large portions of the original work. Manage your time If you have to meet a deadline, start work early. So you have plenty of time to research and write. Lack of time is one reason many people, especially stressed-out students, intentionally or unintentionally plagiarize. Paraphase A paraphase is a restatement of what someone else wrote or said (in your own words). What To Do: Use you own words. Your paraphased text can be shorter oe longer than the source. The source of the paraphase must be cited in the text and reference list. What Not To Do: Use the original words, phases and expression. There than that omit details of the original source. The third way, lose the original sense of the source and replace only a few words in the original. Then rearrange the order of words or sentences. Reference List / Bibliography At the end of your work, you need to acknowledge the information that you have referred in your text by providing a list of all your sources. This reference list or bibliography should be based on whichever particular style your faculty uses. Once you are familiar with the references style, you need to note that all references in the references list must be cited in the text and the site of the references must be include in the reference list. Therefore it should start with a new page. The title of the list should be Reference / Bibliography, centre at the top of the page and the references are listed in alphabetical order by authors surname, while the reference list should be double spaced with a hanging indent for the second and subsequent lines. RED HAT (FEELING, EMOTION) Professor Amrin related his emotion and feelings on plagiarism. In this case, he feel scared about the technology because rampant plagiarism and it make very afraid what could happen. He as a professor and also as a Head of the Undergraduate Thesis Evaluation Committee feel frustrated over plagiarism. This is because that they fear they are missing a change to teach student. He also felt anger and betrayal at student who turned in work that wasnt original. YELLOW HAT (BENEFITS, SUNSHINE, POSITIVE) From the view, Professor Amrin find that the plagiarism also have some benefits. There is : Energy saving copy and paste uses far fewer resources than does thinking your own way around any subject. Time saving its quite obviously, time not spent doing your own research and your own thinking, it also can be spend in other and more worthwhile pursuits. Meanwhile in finding other people to steal from for instance. Esteem of colleagues what writer could help but admire a person who can meet the assignment deadlines with efficiency. Evolution the plagiarist will, after all and be teaching his/her children that it is perfectly acceptable to misuse the property of another, especially if you can do it without having go through pesky details such as permission. Surely the advantage to the body politic of that childs adulthood is self evident. BLACK HAT (JUDGEMENT, BAD POINT) Professor Amrin give penalties for plagiarism. He think plagiarism is a very serious academic offence, and can result in serious consequences for you as a student including: A fail grade for your work (assignment, project thesis, course). Suspension of one semester or one academic session. Expulsion from the university. Withdrawal of your degree. BLUE HAT (THINKING ABOUT THINKING, NEXT STEP) Summary A summary is a shortened version of the original source without changing the meaning. Students have clearly identify the main points and leaves out details and examples also the source of the summary must be cited. They must not to change the original meaning of the text. Citation A citation is an identification of the source of a quote, paraphrase or summary. Academic and professional writing requires a full citation that there are in text, in a bibliography at the end of the text and includes author and title of article / journal / book, volume number, year and place of publication / publisher, page number, website address and etc. Discussion College plagiarism seems to be on the increase. So we round up and decry the usual suspects. The rise of the internet and the decline of student writing. To be sure, there are term papers for sale on the internet and the vary process of surfing the web encourages looseness in borrowing and surely fewer student seem to master the art of sustained research and argument in long papers these days. Each semester a term paper time a few of the colleagues invariably seek computer help for diagnosing and tracing suspected instances of plagiarism. By then it is almost too late. For many teacher or lecture the labor of proving suspected plagiarism is a formidable obstacle to face at the end of the semester. If the plagiarism is to be combated, it must be done regularly throughout the semester and not just at the end. SCAMPER SUBTITUTE You can change the sentence of the article or journal, but it is still plagiarism. You need to do more research to get more idea and information for your summary or its more better if you use your own word and idea. Each time you choose your words, order you thoughts and convey your idea, you can improve your writing. Practise make perfect. COMBINE You may combine the new idea and more information from your friends or lecturer during discussion to your summary or thesis. One solution has many weakness but combination of many solution may overcome the weakness. It will give your summary and the thesis much stronger to avoid the plagiarism. ADAPT You cannot copy the other person idea to make it for our assignment. If the own writer know that you copy their journal, the writer can sue you in the court. You need to create by own self with elaborate that word or use more journal to classified your jounal as one jounal. MAGNIFY Now a days, people are more brilliant to make plagiarism like sham paraphrasing, illicit paraphrasing, verbatim copying, recycling, ghost writing and purloining. But we cant do it like that because it stills same we copyright someone work. It is still plagiarism. PUT TO OTHER USE You can use your current idea to the markets and industries if your idea is still not plagiarism. We need to be more creative to discover and think the new thing or method.People always measure your originality of your work and appreciate the originality that you do it than you just copy from someone else. ELIMINATE You need to read a lot of the journal or article and make your own summary that you understand from your reading. You also have do some research to more understand what you want to simplify from the article. REVERSE It is still plagiarism if you do that way even you change their word. To avoid the plagiarism, the better way that you need to do is just thinking the new idea even your idea is not much, at least you already try it. REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_what_is_plagiarism.html http://kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/school/plagiarism.html http://ezinearticles.com/?7-Tips-to-Overcome-Plagiarism-in-Your-Essaysid=1401495 http://eduscapes.com/tap/topic24b.htm http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-can-you-prevent-plagiarism.html Aziz Yahya, Aida Nasirah Abdullah, Hazmillah Hassan, Raja Roslan Raja Abd Dahman, Critical and Creative Thingking Skills.

Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology Essay -- Ethnography Cult

Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology The role of reflexivity in Anthropology has changed a great deal over time. The effects of doing ethnography on the ethnographer was not considered an important mode of inquiry in the past. While inevitably, going to far distant lands and living with a culture so different from your own will at least cause the ethnographer to reflect on personal issues but most likely will cause profound changes in the way he or she will view the world. But in the past these changes were not important. What was necessary for the ethnographer to do in the past was to document a culture break it down structurally and quantify the observations made. The reflexive nature of his or her experiences were of little or no importance to the anthropological community. But over the years this has changed tremendously and Anthropology concerns itself more and more with the interactions between the ethnographer and his or her informants and the changes that occur in both due to the research being conducted. The sc ope of this paper will be to show this transition and also why it occurred. The role of the Anthropologist in the past has been to document other cultures in order so the colonial authorities could better know how to rule them this is apparent in Bronislaw Malinowski's essay on the Trobriand islanders. He said, "The ethnographer has in the field, according to what has just been said, the duty before him of drawing up all the rules and regularities of tribal life; all that is permanent and fixed; of giving an anatomy of their culture, of depicting the constitution of their society. But these things, though crystallized and set, are nowhere formulated. There is no written or explicitly expressed code ... ... not to say that a "scientific" documentation of the structure of the culture being studied should be forgotten about. But rather instead of being the main point of concern (as with Malinowski) it should be used to strengthen the arguments expressed by the author. Also as done with many other forms reflexivity should be able to be expressed in more abstract ways instead of just simply stating how you were effected and vice versa. But overall I think reflexivity is a good thing for Anthropological writing. In conclusion, anthropology has come long way in the past few generations, at least in the sense of the writings produced by the students of this field. But perhaps this is due to the audience who reading the works and not the anthropologists doing the research. In any case reflexivity is definitely more openly expressed in the more modern works of Anthropology.

Importance of Nick Carraway, Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Grea

Importance of Nick Carraway, Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby   Ã‚   In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the narrator, Nick Carraway, tells a story in which Jay Gatsby tries to attain happiness through wealth.   Even though the novel is titled after Gatsby, Nick analyzes the actions of others and presents the story so that the reader can comprehend the theme. Throughout the novel, Nick is the vehicle used to gather all of the pieces together to learn about Gatsby.   Nick is the only character that changes in the novel from the beginning to the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nick is the literary device that is employed to learn about Gatsby, which ultimately tells the theme of the story.   Throughout the novel, flashbacks are inserted, courtesy of Nick, to reveal piece by piece about the mysterious Gatsby. Nick patches the pieces of the puzzle together regarding Gatsby's past and lack of a future.  Ã‚   Nick is like the box of a puzzle; the puzzle is impossible to put together without it.   Without Nick, the reader's opinion of Gatsby would be drastically different.   The reader's opinion would be swayed by the idea that Gatsby becomes rich via bootlegging alcohol and counterfeiting bonds.   Nick persuades the observer that Gatsby is "...worth the whole damn bunch (rich class) put together"(Fitzgerald 162).   Even though Gatsby aspires to be part of the upper echelon, he, fortunately, is different from them.   Nick also analyzes Gatsby's behavior in order to provide the reader with details and a summary of the great man.   At the end of the novel, Nick comments on Gatsby's life by stating that "(Gatsby) had come a long way to this blue lawn and his dream must have seem... ...ald 172).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the novel, Nick is instrumental as voice that tells the reader about Gatsby.   "Nick is "both within and without, never really assimilating like the rich" (Chambers 41).   Most importantly, Nick is the only character in the novel that changes.   Nick Carraway is the main character of the novel.   Without Nick, the important allegorical message would not be illustrated:   Money cannot buy love or peace of mind. Works Cited and Consulted: Berman, Ronald. "The Great Gatsby" and Fitzgerald's World of Ideas. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1997. Chambers, John B. The Novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald. London: Macmillan/New York: St Martin's P, 1989.   deKoster, Katie, ed. Readings on "The Great Gatsby." San Diego: Greenhaven, 1998.   Fitzgerald, F. Scott.   The Great Gatsby.   Simon and Schuster Inc., New York: 1991.