Literature review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature review - Assignment Example Based on the above facts, Social media can be described as a communication tool that allows you to create, generate and share content with other users. Examples of social media tools are social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Wikis, blogs, tagging, live feeds among many others (Anderson, 2012). The field of social media has time and again been attacked; it is blamed for having swallowed the traditional media. However, the field of social media has relatively eased the work of the traditional media sources. In fact, I tend to think that the field of social media has opened up new avenues for the traditional media to broaden their scope and offering (Anderson, 2012). The internet has made the world a global village where one could get easy access to information, learn and conduct financial services by a click of the mouse. For the traditional media, this shouldn’t be seen as a competition but rather a new frontier to expand their horizons. Traditionally, users would receive information in a one way format. For example, a newscaster at CNN would read the news and all the rest would listen and watch; it is a one way communication. A customer of a bank, for instance, has to visit his/her local branch in case he/she has problems accessing money on the bank account. A foreign student who wished to have more information on a course offered at a local university would have to browse through pages of the university website and find no one to answer the questions that he/she may have concerning the degrees. Flash forward to nowadays, and you’ll see a newscaster through the official Facebook page, Twitter, email, even text messages mode of the station is able to receive thousands of reviews from the viewers concerning news stories that they aired. A company that places an advertisement can be able to device if its marketing strategy was successful enough. A student wishing to learn more information can use social media tools

Balanced Scorecard in Performance Management Research Paper

Balanced Scorecard in Performance Management - Research Paper Example The concept of balanced scorecard was initiated by Kalpan and Norton at the beginning of 1990. The balanced scorecard is a strategic management tool used by organizations for the purpose of measuring their performance. While measuring the performance level it considers factors such as employee knowledge, customer satisfaction, and innovation of the company (Cambridge Dictionaries Online, n.d.). It provides ways to the organizations for balancing strategic priorities and other associated factors such as customers, finances, processes and people. The balanced scorecard also ensures that the performance standards at both individual and organizational level remain balanced (Houldsworth & Jirasinghe, 2006, p.143). It not only offers a framework for performance measurement but also enables planners to discover what must be accomplished and measured. A number of companies have therefore incorporated balanced scorecard into their system of operation, so as to facilitate effective and well-or ganized performance measurement system. These organizations with the help of performance management have been able to align their strategies & visions with the business objectives. In the context of the study, Boston Scientific Corporation has been chosen to assess how balanced scorecard can be utilized for optimal organizational performance. Hence before getting into a further discussion, a brief introduction of the organization has been presented in the next half of the project. Boston Scientific Corporation: A Brief Overview Boston Scientific Corporation manufactures and markets medical devices. The company was founded in the year 1979 and has its present base of operations in Natick, Massachusetts (Boston scientific, n.d.). Boston Scientific Corporation or BSC was founded by John Abele.  

Evaluation Of The One Sony Strategy

Evaluation Of The One Sony Strategy The following report contains about the Sony Corporations new strategy implementation called One Sony which is a new structure for the top management of the company where the company is making changes to drive revitalisation and growth. The report further discuss about the extent to which the strategy fits the Sony Corporations current capabilities to face external challenges and achieve the objectives. In addition to that, the suitability and the feasibility of the strategic decisions arising from the implementation of this strategy are also discussed. In order to do the above the report is guided through three stages which is analysis of strategic position internally and externally which is the research content, strategic choices and decisions by applying relevant theories and implementation of the strategy. Finally considering all of the above a critical opinion or a perspective will be made with relevant justifications and in respect to the Sony Corporation. Analysis of strategic position In order to identify the external environment in which Sony operates a PEST analysis could be done which will be as follows; When the political aspects are looked in to it is evident that they are changing at all times. The government has the power as stated in Henry (2008) to impact the operations of Sony through changes in policies and regulations. On the other hand better sales could be achieved by Sony due to the reduction in liquidity crisis and recession. But by doing so the number of competitors Sony has will increase significantly. In addition to that, the government can create laws which will have an impact on policies in the global context. When economy is considered it is currently not is a good position where it has faced recession recently and has a negative economic growth. Due to this there can be significant changes in the exchange rates and interest rates. Sony should make sure that they are aware of any government restrictions on trading and exchange rates as Sony is an international company where these restrictions would affect Sony negatively. As for the social factors Sony is expected to perform well. That is because of the reputation they have obtained through their quality products and services as per William and Green (1997). Sony should make sure that they develop revolutionary devices at regular intervals to retain and hold on the customer and may be attract new customers. It is also important to understand the perspectives of the public where they can introduce products which match the expectations of their customers. Towards technological aspect Sony Corporation should put more attention as they work in that industry with high technological usage. The productivity level of the company depends on the level of technology used. Therefore Sony should make sure that they use upgraded technology to have high level of productivity and to be efficient. Use of technology is also important to Sony Corporation to research and develop new products which matches the expectations and choices of the customers. Next would be to identify the internal environmental factors which should be considered when developing a strategy for Sony according to Drejer (2002). Prahalad and Hamel core competencies model and Michael Porters value chain could be used to do the analysis as follows; Sony has created a reputation and a brand name which has a high recognition in the technological industry. But at present they are having a hard time which is why they are coming up with a new strategy call Sony One. The strategies implemented by Sony previously are outside in as well as inside out. Out of these one was to develop mini-series of their products in order to grow their core competencies where they require high level of technology, human resources such as engineers and marketers. In addition to that the customer needs should also be looked in to through market research for the success of a strategy. Sony had required all the resources which allowed them to be success in almost all the strategies they implemented. But the uniqueness of these resources or competencies as stated in Enders (2004) is questionable. Sony also had an aim of manufacturing customer oriented products which they believed will help the company to increase the competitive advantage and will also create more value adding activities. Sony also implemented a strategy of diversification which is to add value to the processes of the organisation. Also taking risks and learning from mistakes is one of the unique factors done by Sony which is also an advantage. After both the internal and external analysis is done the internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external threats and opportunities need to be identified for the SWOT analysis to be completed. The strengths as recognised above are the fact that Sony is trying out unique strategies as per Hitt et al. (2010) such as miniature products as they are available to the required technology and engineering. Sony being diversified is also unique to the organisation which creates core competencies. In addition to that, taking risks when introducing new products and making mistakes, moreover learning from these mistakes without breaking down the operations is another major strength which is unique only to the Sony Corporation. As for the weaknesses it would be a fact that the resources such as technological staff, engineers and marketers are not being unique to Sony in the todays technological industry. Sony not being able to differentiate the level of skills required within the organisation is a weakness which would affect the company in the years to come. One reason would be the technology being outdate very quickly at present and the industry being very competitive. The opportunities that are arising from the industry would be corporate political activities with the government where Sony operates which will give the support of the government policies in favour of the operations that is being carried out. In addition to that, identification of new customer groups and new customer expectations through the customer oriented strategy as per Beloff et al. (2005) and delivering products which matches those choices would allow Sony to exploit opportunities arising from the external environment. Lastly the threats that are arising from the external environment could be identified. The fact that the industry in which Sony is operating is being innovative and fast moving is making the company to adapt to the situations and move forward with a lesser time. Companies like Apple and Samsung is creating a rivalry where technology is becoming outdated almost every day. Moreover, the rival companies are introducing new products to market with lesser lead time which increase the threat arising towards Sony. Strategic choices and decisions The development of strategic choices is a critical stage for Sony where they need identify their capabilities, resources and requirements as per Johns and Saks (2004). There are three main focus areas under this stage. Deciding how Sony could achieve competitive advantage Identifying possible directions through which Sony would enter a market and the types of products and market it should enter or leave Deciding in methods of growth with in the market Deciding on the basis of competitive advantage When deciding how Sony Corporation could compete in a market or create a basis for the customers to want to buy their products the following options are visible as stated in Daft et al. (2010). These are also known as Michael Porters generic strategies. Be a low cost provider of goods and services or in other words providing products at a budget price. This is not suitable for Sony as they require high research and development cost to come up with new products where selling at a lower price would be difficult. Being a high value adding market player or a differentiator is another option. According to this type of a choice Sony can build in a higher level of value in the products or devices they offer by the company. Following a focused strategy is another option. A choice made by Sony Corporation to provide a device targeting a smaller number of customers, such as coming up with a special edition of an existing product. Strategic Direction This is where the Sony Corporation decides how it would grow in to the future entering different markets and using its strengths. When deciding on strategic directions available for the organisation the Ansoff matrix can be used according to Ewy (2009). The matrix identifies growth possibilities for Sony based on the dimensions of markets and products. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhGNf9VY9mGrDGujX589mm7Zn6utU6rhLWT4NV3avC-pgV43QaRKD2kdw4QJSTr7hLSJHwiFNy5GQkWBbxZ20PwgouSI4w8BYRo3PTmGZgah-wacLh3V2B-Csi7bIetyZMORuBvvJa9K4/s320/Ansoff+Matrix.jpg Figure 1.1: Ansoff Matrix [Source:http://www.marketing-equity.com/2011/09/few-examples-of-ansoff-matrix.html ] Market Penetration: This is where the company would grow internally into existing markets by aggressively promoting its existing devices and products with in them. Sony could promote their Sony Xperia with in the UK market. Product development: This is where the company would develop new products for the existing markets and generates more sales from them. Sony could develop new models of Sony Xperia to sell in the UK market. Market development: This is where the company would develop new markets for its existing products such as Sony Xperia being launched in China Diversification: This is where the company would enter a completely new market according to Freeman (2010) with a completely new product or a device. Sony entering in to the Laptop market where it provided Sony Vaio would be diversification. Strategic methods With the selected growth directions the Sony Corporation can use many different methods in order to grow and achieve their goals. Internal development: This is where Sony growing through its own resources where the case of Sony Vaio appeared according to Mahadevan (2009) Takeovers or acquisitions: The Sony Corporation might buy over another company and use its products and technologies for growth. Sony taking over Colombia pictures is a perfect example Strategic alliances: Sony Corporation would grow by linking and partnering with other organisations. Franchises also fall under this category. Sony forming an alliance with Olympus would be an example here Out of the choices that were generated the organisation should pick one or more options based on the SAF model which is the strategic decision making Suitability: Selected growth directions and methods should match with the Sony Corporations brand image and reputation Acceptable: Selected options should be approved by the shareholders and be in line with their thinking and expectations Feasibility: Strategic choices that were selected should be financially viable for the company. As the above stated methods the strategic options will be generated according to Vos (2004) and chosen in order to implement the most correct strategic option or options. Implementation Putting strategy in to action Before a strategy is being implemented Sony should understand the culture of the organisation, the management as well as the leadership styles. McKinsey 7S Framework 7S model Figure 1.2: Mckinsey 7S model [Source: http://b4tea.com/information/mckinsey-7s-framework-7s-model/] The 7S model developed by the Mckinsey consulting group identifies seven different elements that lie at the heart of a culture of the organisation. Hard Factors These refers to non-human type of elements as stated in Egan (2007) which has an impact on culture Strategy: The direction followed by Sony in order to achieve the goals and targets of the business as explained above Structure: The organisations structure or how the lines on authority are arranged with in the company, how decisions are made and whether the communication channels between top and bottom levels are long or short will affect the culture Systems: The level of control that exists within the company such as the budgeting and management accounting controls as well as controls on processes will have an impact on the culture of Sony Soft Factors These are more of human related factors that affect the culture of Sony Skills: The talent and abilities of people and whether all staff members have equal levels of skill as per Cole (2001) or a few members have a high level of skill on whom the others will depend decides on the nature of the culture Staff: The nature of the attitude of staff members as well as their individual cultures will have an impact in the overall organisation Style: The style of management by the superiors will have a direct impact on the culture of the organisation. Leadership style Sonys co-founder Akio Morita was following was based upon the values, imaginations and beliefs of his which is now being changed by the new strategy One Sony Share Values: Organisations will have a common set of values and beliefs which are followed by all the employees and is given top priority when Sony does it operations After considering the above factors and understanding them the implementation of the strategy will be successful. In addition to that, understanding of the leadership style with in Sony is also important. For that, the Likert four systems of management which identifies four leadership styles as stated in Harrison and John (2009) ranging from the extremes of being job centred and employee centred can be used. figure Figure 1.3: Likert four systems of management [Source: https://www.ncjrs.gov/policing/corr177.htm] Exploitative Authoritative: This is where as stated in Waters (2006) the leaders are highly exploiting the lower individuals and there is a very high distance between higher level and lower level individuals Benevolent or Somewhat Authoritative: There would be still a high distance between the higher level and the lower level management, but the leaders will be believe in that they are acting in the interest of the rest of the individuals with in the Sony Corporation Consultative: This is a more employee centred approach where by the leader would be listening to others but will not always follow their comment or ideas Participative: This is where the leader will get the others involved as well and the final decision that is made is one that everyone agrees with and no single handily made by the leader. This is the most extreme employee centred leadership approach according to Daft and Marcic (2010) Once strategies have been planned and choices made also understanding the culture and leadership styles it needs to be implemented through a series of programs. Tactical programs: Programs run at a middle management level such as training programs Operational programs: This refers to the daily activities happening with in an organisation with a focus of realising the company strategy The Sony Corporation should now select one out of the two above to implement the strategy of One Sony by considering the culture of the organisation and the management styles. Review and control is also required as stated in Grunig and Gaggl (2011) where the organisation would check if the strategic path implemented is correct one by looking into following aspects; Is the strategy allowing the achievement of the objectives stated initially Since the consumer electronics environment keeps changing dynamically and strategy implementation is based on an environmental scan done earlier it should be checked if current strategies match the environment Conclusion The above report contains about the Sony Corporations new strategy implementation called One Sony which is a new structure for the top management of the company where the company is making changes to drive revitalisation and growth. The report further contains about the extent to which the strategy fits the Sony Corporations current capabilities to face external challenges and achieve the objectives through PEST, core competencies and SWOT analysis. In addition to that, the suitability and the feasibility of the strategic decisions arising from the implementation of this strategy are also included with reference to the SAF model. The report is guided through three stages which is analysis of strategic position internally and externally which is the research content, strategic choices and decisions by applying relevant theories and implementation of the strategy where theoretical as well as practical aspects has been applied. Finally considering all of the above it is clear that the strategy implementation of One Sony is dependent on the above stated factors and because of that the implementation is successful.

Importance of Social Status in Emma and Clueless :: Austen Emma Essays

Importance of Social Status in Emma and Clueless Emma Woodhouse of the Jane Austen novel Emma, is part of the rich, upscale society of a well off village in nineteenth century England, while Cher Horowitz the main character of the movie version Clueless, lives in the upscale Beverly Hills of California. The Woodhouse family is very highly looked upon in Highbury, and Cher and her father are also viewed as the cultural elite. The abuse of power and wealth, arrogance, and a lack of acceptance all prove that the class status of these families plays a significant role in the shaping of both the novel and the video. Emma and Cher both abuse the power of wealth and become spoiled, socially dominating, and overly confident with themselves. However, they both feel very comfortable in this lifestyle because of their possessions and social status. Jane Austen secures Emma in the very first paragraph of her novel. She states, "Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to vex her" (Austen 1). Cher has everything a teenager could possibly want: her own jeep, an endless wardrobe, and amounts of money that seems to be collected from a money tree outside the backdoor. Emma's arrogance shines through when she brags that she is exceptionally skillful at matching couples. She believes that she is in control of fate and must play matchmaker in order for couples to discover their true love. Austen confirms, "The real evils indeed of Emma's situation were the power of having rather too much her own way, and a disposition to think a little too well of herself" (Austen 1). Although Emma is so spoiled and overbearing, she truly doesn't realize this fact. Likewise, an example of Cher's pompousness can be seen in the scene where she and Dionne are explaining to Tai how to become more popular. Cher states that she has already started to elevate her social status "due to the fact that you hang out with Dionne and I" (Clueless). Cher may be sympathetic to Tai, but she does so with conceitedness because she knows she is from a higher social class.

Link between Gender Inequality and Economic Growth

The Link between Gender Inequality and Economic Growth It is not generally seen that the economy and gender development are interconnected in terms of each other's influence and their development process. However, this correlation is well-explained by the fact that if women's employment rates were raised to 70 percent, which is closer to that of many developed nations, the annual Gross Domestic Product (GAP) of Asia would increase by up to 2-4 percent (United Nations in China, 2010). Indeed, economic growth has impacts on gender inequality levels both positively and negatively, whereas gender inequality hampers economic growth as a whole.Connell (2009, 1 1) defines the term gender as â€Å"the structure of social relations that centers on the reproductive arena, and the set of practices that bring reproductive distinctions between bodies into social processes. † Gender inequality refers to the unequal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men (ASSAI, 2001). E conomic growth is defined by an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared to one period to another (Riley, 2012).For example, gender inequality can be a barrier to the process f development by weakening the ability of household members to engage in productive activities. At the same time, structural changes that accompany the development process can significantly weaken/loosen the constraints that women and men face when they work towards new economic approaches. This paper analyses the links between gender inequality and economic growth and the complexity associated with this relationship. In order to examine the link between gender inequality and economic growth, it is important to have a clear understanding of some key concepts.Firstly, social construction is a key concept that is used to understand how people build and organize ideas, actions and thoughts around a perception through cultural and social influence (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008). Next, gender relation is the interaction of different masculinity and femininity to shape the power dominance of the society (March et al, 1999). Moreover, globalization â€Å"is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones. It is the notion of a shrinking world including unequal flows of labor, capital and ideas† (Stilling, 2002).It is also crucial to understand gender accountability in analyzing the relationship between economic growth and gender inequality. Gender accountability refers to the process by which members of a society hold others accountable for transgressing or defying traditional social expectations of gender (West and Zimmerman, 1987). Gender performance is creating differences between women and men and their interaction with others which are not natural or biologically based (West and Zimmerman, 1987). Finally, gendered division of labor refers to the ways in which certain Jobs or tasks become ge ndered in a patriarchal society (March et al, 1999).There are positive aspects of economic growth that help to shorten the gender gap, especially in the decision- making power within households despite the certain exceptional cases that function in the reverse order. In most circumstances, economic development reduces the disadvantages faced by women. Firstly, economic development plays a huge role in women education (World Bank, 2011 b). Women work under low-wage conditions partly because of the poverty at their homes. It is not that women prefer to supply labor at a very low wage, but they are forced to do so in order to manage the financial condition at home.Once the economic stability at family level improves, the number of women who go into low-wage Jobs for their poor economic condition at home reduces and the low-wage Jobs would no longer be reserved for women. For example, the workers in garment factories in Bangladesh, a major source of export earnings, are mostly women, an d as the cost of living increases, the cost of women not going to work exceeds the cost of them working in low-wage Jobs (Siberia 1995). Secondly, poor economic condition makes women less aware about hygiene, and they cannot afford to medical expenditures, especially during menstruation period and pregnancy.It creates an environment for the employers to consider women as weakness and less productive (World Bank, 2011 b). Economic growth increases women's health care that result in improved level of women's fitness to any career. Eventually, sexist attitudes of employers about suitable tasks for women change. For example, the enrollment of women in Engineering, which requires field work, has been increasing day by day (Unguent, 2000). Thirdly, economic growth brings up changes in decision-making power of men and women at household level. It challenges the social construction that men are the breadwinners of a household.Rising income levels at household level associated with increased household expenditures challenges the patriarchal system and creates pathways for women to enter into Job market. However, it might affect the gender relations at home that men would not accept their power to be shared. Siberia explains the use of women's earnings in household spending: My husband likes that my income is for luxuries, for the little things that catch my fancy. Although sometimes I pay for household things, during difficult months. He tells me, it is his Job to provide for food, clothing, rent and other necessities. Siberia, 1995:) It portraits the men's perception that they do not want their women to contribute towards the economy of the family due to the social construction of men as breadwinners. In contrast, economic growth as an outcome of globalization creates opportunities for women to become empowered and to report violence against women. Women are mostly exposed to different social contexts that in turn heighten awareness about gender equality and the need for alleviating gender discrimination that they were not aware of and women's dependency on men.My experience at AY-JAW is itself a good example of how an exposure to different social context can hence a person's attitudes towards gender discrimination and violence. Five years back from now, if I were asked if it is fine for men to have the entire power within households, I would say yes'. However, if the same question is asked now, my answer would be ‘no'. Finalization of labor migration, which refers to the trend of growing employment of women which is possible mostly because of the expansion of technological improvement, trade and capital flows (Legal terms, Definitions and Dictionary, n. ). Also gives opportunities for women to get exposed to other countries where women can learn that they should get equal rights. Having experienced the effects of gender accountability in other countries and knowing that women's equality is important, once they get back to their home socie ties, there is a high possibility that they will fight against gender discrimination. Exposure to different social context might lead women to be more aware about the social norms and patriarchy of their own society that favored men (Ridgeway, 1997).They would eventually come forward to make changes in the society that results in reducing gender gap in the society. However, economic development does not always help to narrow down the gender AP; rather, in certain cases, it increases the socio-economic vulnerability of women. Despite the economic development and the increasing women's participation in the labor force, the incidence of sex-selective abortions and the absolute number of ‘missing women', coined by Mammary Seen (2003) refers to the terrible deficit of women in substantial parts of Asian and north Africa, which arises from sex bias in relative care, are growing.The critical condition is further explained by the fact that â€Å"China and India together account for m ore than 85 million of the nearly 100 million missing† women estimated to have died from discriminatory treatment in health care, nutrition and nutrition access or pure neglect, or because they were never born in the first place† (United Nations in China, 2010). In rural areas of Asia, the social construction of femininity that all girls/women should get married is strongly followed. The societies develop a gendered centralization that parents take the responsibility of marrying women off once girl children are born itself (Slakes at el, 2003).Women do not get enough gains from the new paid-employment opportunities. They are given opportunities to paid workforce, at the same time they re employed in insecure environment that does not make any changes in the level of gender inequality. For example, even though women are given permission by their husbands or families to work in garment industries, they are often abused by their employers, not allowed to go to toilets even when they are urgent (Siberia, 1995). Violence against women is high even when they work for longer hours than men do (Ridgeway, 1997).After understanding how economic growth affects gender inequality, it is crucial to understand how gender inequality hampers economic growth. Most importantly, economic growth is hampered by the constraints that keep omen involved in unpaid work, and the unequal opportunities that favor men over women (Beerier et al 2004). Women's Jobs in export industries such as textiles and garments have been important in generating foreign currency earnings. Dependence on women workers in labor-intensive, export-oriented manufacturing has become a common pattern across Asia as women's share of manufacturing employment rose during their export drives.Therefore, gender inequality has negative impacts on economic growth. Furthermore, gender inequality in education and employment hampers economic growth. The low level of access to education for women is linked with h igher rates of fertility and lower savings rates. Rising fertility can reduce investment in children's education and health. (Ridgeway, 1997). Moreover, inequality in education can contribute to women's unequal household bargaining power, affecting the distribution of household resources.The unequal decision-making power at household level might affect the overall household management, and thus prohibits the development process of households given the resources. For instance, a sole member making all the decisions would not be as effective as the incidence here both husband and wife together make decisions, with a mutual understanding of the benefit-cost analysis (Unguent, 2000). However, it is the social construction in Asian societies that a woman in a household being more educated would be considered as a threat to the men's masculinity.Men make sure that the income brought to home by women would not be spent to main household spending, but on luxuries (Siberia, 1995). Indeed, me n preserve the socially constructed norm that men have the control over the income and transgressing would affect the gender relations. Additionally, systematic differences in investments in girls' and boys' education can lead to Job sector inefficiency due to distortion in skill levels (Bosnian, 2003). Investing too much in less-talented men and investing too little in competent women reduces the total productivity in the economy (Bosnian, 2003).In other words, gendered division of labor arises where the labor queues become gender queues because employers rank males as more valuable workers than females (Resin and Ross, 1990). When employers hire workers, they take into consideration about the loss of their institutions' productivity level, especially the maternity leave that women take (Timekeepers, 2012). Employers make an assumption that all women will get pregnant and have children. The assumption is basically developed from the socially constructed idea of femininity that all women will have children.Against the assumption, the enforcement of maternity leave legislation in Taipei, China led to a 2. 5-percentage-point increase in women's employment (Civilize and Rodgers, 2003). In some patriarchal societies, certain Jobs are allocated only for men. For example, in northern part of Sir Lankan, CNN (three wheeler) drivers were usually male, and the government introduced a plan that allows female to be CNN drivers. After some time, an accident occurred in which the fault was found to be on the side of CNN driver who is a female. Based on the incident, there were some controversies regarding whether to allow the women do be CNN drivers further.However, the point to be noted here is that there were so many accidents held earlier to the particular event, and they were committed by male CNN drivers. No inquiries were done to the male drivers, but when the same incidence is caused by women, they held up to scrutiny. It again shows the gender discrimination in soc ieties, and people being more critical when gender norms are transgressed. In addition, sexist unequal expectations of gender performance are other constraints that affect economic growth at the household levels.Men and women are sometimes pressured to perform gender according to what is acceptable in their particular society, rather than thinking about rational choices about family income. For example, Sir Lankan male cleaners go to Middle Eastern countries to financially support their families (Near, 2010). Although they are involved in feminizes Jobs' abroad, when they return to their societies, they do not keep involving in feminizes activities because they think this would be a wreath to their masculinity (Near, 2010).As a result, men, who strongly support the patriarchal system of men as breadwinners of a family, fail minimize the costs within households by not accounting the female labor force participation. In order to address the barriers to the development of economy and g ender, a strong foundation for policy implementations that alleviate the constraints that women face should be considered. These will include remedying heavy time burdens devoted to unpaid work, regulations that favor men, inadequate public infrastructure, insufficient access to agricultural inputs, discriminatory practices in the labor market, and social constructions.Asian governments have also paid relatively limited attention to gendered vulnerabilities in their social protection policies (ILL and ADS, 2011). By decreasing gender inequality, from the household level to major indexes, a country's overall economy can be developed at a faster pace (Ridgeway, 1997) Likewise, as economic development occurs, we have to make sure that it will not lead to a path in which gender inequality grows even more. Works Cited Beerier, G. , Y. Rodgers, and J. Civilize. 004. International Trade and Gender Wage Discrimination: Evidence from East Asia.

Character Analysis

The two sons and father live, and they begin to travel the country in hopes Of discovering who or what caused the death of their beloved wife and mother. The eldest son Dean (Jensen Cackles) grows to be the typical macho tough guy, intent on fulfilling his father's every wish, along with following his footsteps to be an expert in slaying any and all supernatural beings. The youngest son, Sam Oared Padlock) attempts to live the life of a normal teenager, going to law school and having a loving girlfriend whom he hopes to one day marry.One day their father goes missing on what they refer to as a â€Å"hunting trip†, and Dean seeks out Sam at college to come with him and find their father. They then begin a long journey, fighting the supernatural and helping others along the way with the help of a family friend named Bobby Singer (Jim Beaver), searching for the demon who killed their mother. The character portrayed by Jarred Padlock, Sam Winchester, stands out the most in regards to having a disorder.He appears to be a paranoid schizophrenic, displaying many symptoms over a period of a few years. After leaving to help his brother find their father, his girlfriend soon dies a similar death to that of his mother, or so he believes, as he begins to experience illustrations that he refers to as ‘Visions†. Later in the first season, he convinces himself that he must go through ‘trials†, and at one point believes that he must give up his life to demons that are after him in order to save his brother and a group of strangers.This could be another delusion of grandeur, as well as a sign of depression (the need to commit suicide) which is an early warning sign of schizophrenia. Later on in season two after finding their father, all three of the Winchester men are in a car wreck that leaves Dean and their father John in critical condition. After his father passes from his fatal wounds and his brother lives, Sam believes that his father sold hi s soul to a demon in exchange for his brother to live. As the series progresses, Sam becomes more and more socially withdrawn, another early sign of schizophrenia.His brother becomes his only constant interaction with people. Often in the show he is seen drinking to excess, becoming drunk and sometimes passing out. In many different episodes he stays awake, passing off on sleep to read more on the demons he believes are after him and his rather, occasionally going off on his own to find enemies and kill them. A red flag warning sign of schizophrenia is extreme reaction to criticism, which Sam often experiences, particularly in regard to his father.In an early episode, Dean and Sam fight about carrying on the family business, as Sam believes it isn't their responsibility and that their father consumed their life with that nonsense rather than allowing them to live normal lives. Dean then tells Sam how he is a coward and selfish, and Sam goes off into a rage, furious at the words of h is brother. Whenever he is reprimanded or insulted in the show, he often goes off by himself in a state of anger, sometimes resorting to drinking as a means of getting his mind off of the problem.Sam also experiences suspiciousness that comes with his hallucinations/delusions. In a later episode he hallucinates that his brother is insulting him and telling him how Sam how he hates him along with blaming him for their father's death, but then after coming back to reality he sees that his brother didn't actually say these things, although he carries the suspicion that he truly feels that way bout him. The most apparent sign of schizophrenia in Sam appears to be his lack of emotion and having a flat expressionless gaze in the later seasons.He becomes detached to his brother, as nearing the last few seasons they have had problems and gone their separate ways many times. He develops resentment towards Dean, still holding on to his dream of living a normal life, so when they do finally co me back together he states that it will only be for that time being until the problem at hand is solved. Although they end up tying with one another, the anger Sam holds inside himself is apparent. Character Analysis The two sons and father live, and they begin to travel the country in hopes Of discovering who or what caused the death of their beloved wife and mother. The eldest son Dean (Jensen Cackles) grows to be the typical macho tough guy, intent on fulfilling his father's every wish, along with following his footsteps to be an expert in slaying any and all supernatural beings. The youngest son, Sam Oared Padlock) attempts to live the life of a normal teenager, going to law school and having a loving girlfriend whom he hopes to one day marry.One day their father goes missing on what they refer to as a â€Å"hunting trip†, and Dean seeks out Sam at college to come with him and find their father. They then begin a long journey, fighting the supernatural and helping others along the way with the help of a family friend named Bobby Singer (Jim Beaver), searching for the demon who killed their mother. The character portrayed by Jarred Padlock, Sam Winchester, stands out the most in regards to having a disorder.He appears to be a paranoid schizophrenic, displaying many symptoms over a period of a few years. After leaving to help his brother find their father, his girlfriend soon dies a similar death to that of his mother, or so he believes, as he begins to experience illustrations that he refers to as ‘Visions†. Later in the first season, he convinces himself that he must go through ‘trials†, and at one point believes that he must give up his life to demons that are after him in order to save his brother and a group of strangers.This could be another delusion of grandeur, as well as a sign of depression (the need to commit suicide) which is an early warning sign of schizophrenia. Later on in season two after finding their father, all three of the Winchester men are in a car wreck that leaves Dean and their father John in critical condition. After his father passes from his fatal wounds and his brother lives, Sam believes that his father sold hi s soul to a demon in exchange for his brother to live. As the series progresses, Sam becomes more and more socially withdrawn, another early sign of schizophrenia.His brother becomes his only constant interaction with people. Often in the show he is seen drinking to excess, becoming drunk and sometimes passing out. In many different episodes he stays awake, passing off on sleep to read more on the demons he believes are after him and his rather, occasionally going off on his own to find enemies and kill them. A red flag warning sign of schizophrenia is extreme reaction to criticism, which Sam often experiences, particularly in regard to his father.In an early episode, Dean and Sam fight about carrying on the family business, as Sam believes it isn't their responsibility and that their father consumed their life with that nonsense rather than allowing them to live normal lives. Dean then tells Sam how he is a coward and selfish, and Sam goes off into a rage, furious at the words of h is brother. Whenever he is reprimanded or insulted in the show, he often goes off by himself in a state of anger, sometimes resorting to drinking as a means of getting his mind off of the problem.Sam also experiences suspiciousness that comes with his hallucinations/delusions. In a later episode he hallucinates that his brother is insulting him and telling him how Sam how he hates him along with blaming him for their father's death, but then after coming back to reality he sees that his brother didn't actually say these things, although he carries the suspicion that he truly feels that way bout him. The most apparent sign of schizophrenia in Sam appears to be his lack of emotion and having a flat expressionless gaze in the later seasons.He becomes detached to his brother, as nearing the last few seasons they have had problems and gone their separate ways many times. He develops resentment towards Dean, still holding on to his dream of living a normal life, so when they do finally co me back together he states that it will only be for that time being until the problem at hand is solved. Although they end up tying with one another, the anger Sam holds inside himself is apparent.

How to Cancel Your SAT Registration and Test

How to Cancel Your SAT Registration and Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You registered for the SAT, but as test day draws near, you find that you don’t want to take the test anymore! You may want to take the ACT instead, or maybe you decided to opt out of the SAT altogether and apply to colleges that don’t require you to report SAT scores. But what can you do? Well, first, don't panic! We at PrepScholar noticed how hard it was to find this information online, so we put it all together for you in one place. Here are some things you need to consider: Can you cancel the SAT test? Can you get your money back? Will this go on your permanent record? Do you need to cancel your SAT to change your test date? Canceling Your SAT Without a Refund If you don't want to take the test on a certain day and you don't want to reschedule, then to cancel the test, all you need to do is not show up on test day. The College Board emphatically states that it is not necessary to notify them of this. And they also note that no score reports will be sent out as a result. Your no-show will not show up on your record. Because the College Board will count it as a missed test, which could happen for any number of reasons, they do not keep records of who misses their tests. The way they see it, you paid the fees already, and if you miss the test, then that's on you. This is good, because it means there's only one thing you have to do to cancel your SAT. Just don’t show up for the test. However, if you do this, you won't get a refund for the test you missed. If you're interested in getting some of your money back, keep reading. Canceling Your SAT With a Partial Refund Unfortunately, no matter how early you cancel your SAT registration, you won't get a full refund. Therefore, it's best to hold off on actually completing the online registration in the first place until you’re absolutely sure you want to take the test on that date. Once you've registered, at best, you'll only get a small part of your money back. How Do You Get the Refund? The College Board states that students who don't want to transfer their registration to another test date or location should contact Customer Service. We’ve included the Customer Service information below for your convenience. If you call Customer Service, it’s possible you may receive a partial refund of up to $10. (The full price you paid for the SAT is $46, or $60 with the essay, so they refund you only about 1/5 of the total.) In order to get the refund, you must call at least five days before your exam date. After that, there's no chance of a refund. Remember, once you call and cancel, there is no going back - you will not be able to take the test on that test date and the College Board will not report the scores from this test date. Refunding Question and Answer Service If you ordered the Question and Answer Service but are now canceling your SAT registration, it's also possible to get that fee refunded. To get the refund, you must call Customer Service. Any additional score reports that you ordered are also refundable if you were absent the day of the test. Refunds are processed six weeks after the test date. Is There a Difference Between Canceling and Not Taking the Test? According to the College Board, there is no actual difference between calling and canceling your SAT and not taking the SAT on test day. In other words, whichever action you decide to take, their records of you will not show any difference. The only difference is monetary. If you call in to cancel at least five days before, you may get a partial refund ($10). Perhaps just as importantly, canceling means that you may get refunded for any additional services you paid for, like QAS. Changing Your SAT Exam Date Remember, you should only cancel your SAT if you don't ever plan on taking another SAT. If all you want to do is change the date of your SAT, you don't need to cancel your test to do that. However, there is a fee for rescheduling your SAT (although it's less than canceling your SAT and registering for a new test). It costs $29 to reschedule your SAT, and you can do this anytime, even after your original test date (as long as you didn't show up for it). We have an entire guide on how to reschedule your SAT, but below are the key steps to take: Sign in to your College Board account. On the â€Å"My SAT† page, you’ll see the tests you’re registered for. Click â€Å"Change Registration† under the test that you want to reschedule. You’ll next see a new page with your SAT admission ticket information on it. At the bottom of the page, click â€Å"Change my test date.† You’ll be brought to a new page where, under â€Å"Test Date†, you can see the new SAT date(s) you can change to. Select the one that works best for you. Next select your test center, confirm your personal information is correct, and pay the reschedule fee. When you’re finished, you’ll receive an email confirmation and a new admission ticket with your updated test date. How to Contact College Board Customer Service By online form: Contact CollegeBoard Online Here By telephone (the best and fastest way to get a response) Domestic: 866-756-7346 International: 212-713-7789 Services for students with disabilities: 212-713-8333 TTY (for deaf or hearing impaired) Domestic: 888-857-247 TTY (for deaf or hearing impaired) International: 609-882-48 Summary To go over your options once more, here's what you can do to cancel your SAT test. Canceling before the test: If you cancel up to 5 days before the test date, then it's possible to get a refund up to $10, plus the QAS or score reports refunded. Day of the test: If you simply do not show up to the test and cancel by default, then you do not get any test refund, but you can still cancel the QAS for your 'missed test'. After you take the test: If you want to cancel after taking the test, then you should look into How to Cancel Your SAT Scores. There is a strict deadline on this, so make sure you send them the cancellation before midnight, the Wednesday after your test. What’s Next? If you want to re-register for the SAT, then check out Step-by-Step Guide with Pictures SAT Registration. Needed to cancel because of the test location? Then check out How You Can Pick the Best SAT Test Locations. Maybe you’re not sure whether you want to take the SAT, but keep in mind Future Years’ SAT Test Dates, Schedules, and Deadlines Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Top 10 Highest Paying Nursing Jobs

Top 10 Highest Paying Nursing Jobs if you’re going into nursing for the money, you are probably not choosing a career for the right reasons. still,  knowing what salary to expect can definitely help you plan your career. across the field of medicine and across the country, salaries can vary based on location and experience factors, but scrubsmag has rounded up the available data for you to consider. according to the u.s. bureau of labor statistics, the top pay group for nurses includes nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners (median salary $96,460, and the top 10% of earners can receive as much as $161,030). payscale.com reports the following stats and averages:  1. nurse anesthetistmedian  total annual salary*: $133,115 total salary annual range*: $83,449–$185,065 median hourly rate: $69 hourly range: $30.09–$95.05  2. psychiatric nurse practitionermedian total annual salary: $90,376 total salary annual range: $71,109–$127,386 median hourly rate: $50 hourly rang e: $35.66–$80.21  3. adult nurse practitionermedian total annual salary: $88,199 total annual salary range: $75,016–$114,185 median hourly rate: $46 hourly range: $35.86–$60.23  4. certified nurse midwifemedian total annual salary: $86,013 total annual salary range: $69,564–$109,650 median hourly rate: $45 hourly range: $36.21–$54.63  5. family nurse practitionermedian total annual salary: $84,239 total annual salary range: $69,705–$110,359 median hourly rate: $44 hourly range: $34.86–$58.26  6. nursing directormedian total annual salary: $83,029 total annual salary range: $56,340–$122,462 median hourly rate: $37 hourly range: $24–$55.30  7. clinical nurse specialistmedian total annual salary: $81,305 total annual salary range: $61,674–$117,969 median hourly rate: $40 hourly range: $29.94–$63.96  8. clinical nurse managermedian total annual salary: $75,965 total annual salary range: $53,845†“$100,567 median hourly rate: $33 hourly range: $22.88–$45.26  9. registered nurse supervisormedian total annual salary: $65,854 total annual salary range: $48,761–$89,544 median hourly rate: $29.87 hourly range: $22.94–$40.66  10. charge nursemedian total annual salary: $65,265 total annual salary range: $47,670–$85,918 median hourly rate: $29.04 hourly range: $22.40–$39.06

Auroral Storms Across the Solar System

Auroral Storms Across the Solar System Every so often the Sun kicks a bunch of plasma out in the form of a coronal mass ejection, sometimes at the same time as a solar flare. These outbursts are part of what makes living with a star like the Sun so exciting. If that material just fell back into the Sun, wed have some great views of arching filaments draining their material to the solar surface. But, they dont always stick around. The material rides out from the Sun on the solar wind (a stream of charged particles that moves a few hundred kilometers a second (and sometimes faster)). Eventually it arrives at Earth and the other planets, and when it does, it interacts with the magnetic fields of the planets (and moons, such as Io, Europa, and Ganymede).   When the solar wind slams into a world with a magnetic field, powerful electrical currents are set up,  which can have interesting effects, particularly on Earth. Charged particles sizzle in the upper atmosphere (called the ionosphere), and the result is a phenomenon called space weather. The effects of space weather can be as lovely as a display of northern and southern lights and (at Earth) as deadly as a power outage, communications failures, and threats to humans working in space. Interestingly, Venus experiences auroral storms, even though the planet doesnt have its own magnetic field. In this case, particles from the solar wind slam into the planets upper atmosphere and the energy-driven interactions make the gases glow.   These storms have also been seen on Jupiter and Saturn (particularly when northern and southern lights emit strong ultraviolet radiation from those planets polar regions). And, theyve been known to occur on Mars. In fact, the MAVEN mission at Mars measured a very deep-reaching auroral storm on the Red Planet, which the spacecraft began detecting around Christmastime of 2014. The glow was not in visible light, such as wed see here on Earth, but in the ultraviolet. It was seen in the Martian northern hemisphere and it seemed to extend deep into the atmosphere. O On Earth, auroral disturbances occur typically around 60 to 90 kilometers up. The Martian aurorae were caused by charged particles form the Sun striking the upper atmosphere and energizing atoms of gas there. That wasnt the first time aurorae had been seen at Mars. In August 2004, the Mars Express orbiter detected an auroral storm in progress over a region on Mars called Terra Cimmeria. Mars Global Surveyor found evidence of a magnetic anomaly in the crust of the planet at the same region. The aurora was likely caused as charged particles moving along magnetic field lines in the area, which in turn caused atmospheric gases to be energized.   Saturn has been known to sport auroras, as has the planet Jupiter. Both planets have very strong magnetic fields, and so their existence is no surprise. Saturns are bright in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectrum of light and astronomers usually see them as bright circles of light over the poles. Like Saturns aurorae, Jupiters auroral storms are visible around the poles and are very frequent. They are quite complex, and sport little bright spots that correspond to interactions with the moons Iio, Ganymede, and Europa.   Aurorae arent limited to the largest gas giants. It turns out that Uranus and Neptune also have these same storms caused by interactions with the solar wind. They are detectable with instruments on board Hubble Space Telescope.   The existence of aurorae on other worlds gives planetary scientists a chance to study magnetic fields on those worlds (if they exist), and to trace the interaction between the solar wind and those fields and atmospheres. As a result of this work, theyre getting a much better understanding of the interiors of those worlds, the complexities of their atmospheres, and their magnetospheres.

Answer the two questions....Strategic planning Essay

Answer the two questions....Strategic planning - Essay Example The decline in rates of repair can be demonstrated in the numbers and the industry is growing smaller and smaller rather than growing globally (Street, 2012). In the past decade, more than four thousand businesses that dealt specifically with repair have had to close their businesses in the US alone with the decline largely affecting service centers that dealt with consumer electronics as more than ten thousand shops have closed or have sought other businesses that are more profitable. The service technicians with an ability to deal with consumer electronics, small appliances and household electronics are becoming more difficult to find and this somewhat restricts the rate at which shops are able to service high-end appliances. If technicians with appropriate training are not available, then the owners of the service shops are not able to remain ahead of their competition or expand their operations globally through attracting the appropriate forms of repair jobs. Without a sufficient number of repair jobs on high-en appliances, the owners of shops cannot be able to afford employing the best and most skilled technicians. In the recent past, most consumers are keen on having their products, which are covered by warranties, repaired at authorized service shops (Bostick & Freese, 2012). Usually, there are businesses which are ran privately while having contracts with the manufacturers of specific products, with the service technicians being trained by the manufacturer s themselves. Every so often, industry associations provide sponsorships for trade shows that provide opportunities for manufacturers to offer seminars so that owners of repair shops and their technician can be certified and re-certified. *.. Analyze the impact of national context as it pertains to the appliance repair industry. Does national context help or hinder these companies in achieving a competitive advantage in the global marketplace? The American market for home appliance has gone through

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Research Paper Example The reason behind this great success is the diversified and extensive platform social media provide to their users. Success does not only refer to good sales or handsome income, but another important factors that incur little or no expense over marketing or other legal formalities. It needs to be noted here that social media are not just limited to social networking sites but are very extensive involving the use of various modern techniques. The most popular and the most intriguing social media forum is Facebook which is a marketing platform and start up point of various small scale businesses. Thus in a nutshell, social media have added greatly to the progress and propagation of small scale businesses. Firstly, social media help a small scale businessman to develop a complete marketing strategy. This is one of the most important steps to propagate the business. The convenient platform of social media provided allows individuals to develop a healthy and cheap marketing strategy. This helps businessmen to outline their ideal customer or, basically, their target market and audience. It determines how and what makes them distinct from others in the same field offering the same services, as well as why one should choose them. This gives the customer a story to relate or a glimpse of the services and facilities that await them. Thus, "Social Media for Marketing is perhaps one of the areas of business where social media may prove to be very useful. It can help your reach more markets, and serve as a guide so that you can target your marketing strategies accordingly." (Juon, Dunrie and Buerkle, 56) Secondly, social media aid in developing public relations, as they are quite important to develop a small scale business and make it prosper. Building up on public relations and customer support by using social media is very common these days. This does not only involves queries, orders or details etc. but also helps individuals to evaluate the response and popularity of th e object. The conversations or blogging done on these platforms allow people to understand the product better; if there are any critiques or negative feedback, that can also restrict the customer from doing business. These trends have also evolved the concept of customer services in recent times. Hence, if a social media is used to make good public relations with healthy sales and positive feedback, then that can propagate the business more. "A strong public relations foundation, using feedback from publics, and enhancing the sense of community can make a good digital media plan a great one." (Stoldt, Dittmore and Branvold, 88) It has been observed that through social media, one can engage the customers. "Such a raft of activity surrounding social media it is no wonder that business is beginning to recognize the need to engage social media and overcome any associated fears in adopting this technology to communicate with potential clients." (Davies, 175) Through various promotional s trategies that are being used these days like competitions and sharing of the page etc. has caused great success to businesses. Today, page owners or, in other words, entrepreneurs offer certain incentives which encourage users or customers to promote the business. These incentives might

The more advances that are made in Medicine, the more things stay the Scholarship Essay - 1

The more advances that are made in Medicine, the more things stay the same. Discuss - Scholarship Essay Example This paper argues out this concept by giving the several impacts of the advancement of medicine on patients in the society. This will create the basis of the argument to verify its credibility. The paper will analyze both the positive and negative effects of advancement of medicine in the society today by looking at various situational cases where advanced medical services are used. The results of the use of advanced medical services lay the foundation of this argument considering its positivity and negativities. Because of the availability of medical equipment for research and treatment, researchers in the field of medicine have come up with different kinds of medicines which cure various diseases (Alyson, 2014). They have also been able to study complicated diseases in the recent years and have found the cure for some chronic diseases. Biotechnology is a great advancement in the field of medicine making it easy for people to live with chronic diseases. It prolongs the life of people suffering from serious and chronic illnesses by controlling of diseases or the virus in the body of patients. An example is dealing with patients suffering from cancer. Biotechnology has given hope to such patients by controlling the disease through chemotherapy hence prolonging their life span. The use of plastic body parts has also helped individuals to live a normal life (Catalunya, 2014). An example is patients suffering from breast cancer and has lost a part of her breast. Plastic breasts can be used to al low her live a normal life like any other woman. The advancement of medicine in the world today is due to the evolvement of technology as it improves to make solving problems today an easy task. There are various advancements in medicine today and a majority of them are influenced by the availability of advanced technology in the health sector. Medical advancements are aimed at

Constitution of three countries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Constitution of three countries - Research Paper Example The judicial branch as outlined by the constitution has been given the responsibility of ensuring that the constitution is well implemented by the help of the court system and judges. This research paper will look at the constitutions of Britain, Kenya, and China and compare them with that of the United States. Through this, it will be realized that each country’s constitution varies when it comes to the court system, but at the same time, there are some similarities that exist. Keywords: Constitution, Court System, United States, Kenya, Britain, China, America, Term Limit, Age Limit Introduction Constitutions have existed for decades. Among the earliest constitutions is the constitution of England, which was written in 1215 in England (Thomas, 2008). This essay compares and contrasts the constitutions and court systems of three countries, which are Britain, Kenya and China, with that of the United States. The courts have the responsibility of ensuring that the constitutions a re well implemented, either by the government or by the people or citizens of a particular country. What is a constitution? A constitution is referred to as â€Å"a written set of rules for a country† (Thomas, 2008, p. 6). ... It has been discovered that most of these constitutions are very similar in some ways. The people who wrote the United Sates constitution worked really hard to make the best system of rules they could. Structures of the Court Systems of the United States, Britain, Kenya, and China United States Court System Structure Court of Last Resort or the Supreme Court: This is the most superior court in America and the final place where litigants can file appeals for their cases (â€Å"Introduction to the Court System,† 2003). The appeals received in this court are mainly from the middle appellate courts (â€Å"Introduction to the Court System,† 2003). Appeal Courts: These courts come in between the Supreme Court and the trial courts and are found in the federal governments. Their jurisdiction is broader than the Supreme Court’s. They are responsible for reviewing the facts and the law of a case. They are also referred to as the intermediate or middle appellate courts (â⠂¬Å"Introduction to the Court System,† 2003). Trial courts: They are typically known as courts of general or original jurisdiction; this is usually where a case starts. The judges and juries of these courts are given the responsibility of listening to witnesses, examining the evidence, and giving rulings. If the parties involved are not satisfied, they then appeal to the Court of Appeal, and later to the Supreme Court. These courts are given names according to the types of cases they handle and their locations. These courts are also found in the federal government (â€Å"Introduction to the Court System,† 2003). Britain’s Court System Structure The structure of the British court system is rather complex

Discuss lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving Essay

Discuss lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving specific example to illustrate theory. Include the effects of substrate concentration, pH cha - Essay Example Enzymes have active sites which interact with the substrate. The structure of the active site is unique for that respective substrate. Just as a uniquely shaped key will only fit in to and open a matching lock, so it is with enzymes and their substrates. The wrong key may fit in to the lock, but nothing can happen because the match of shapes is not correct. This fit is so specific that the change in a single hydrogen atom in a molecule makes it lose its specificity to a particular enzyme. This means that it may not bind to the specific site and even if it does, the enzyme will be unable to do anything chemically to it. The substrate always fits into the enzymes active site and the active site is always a fold or groove in the enzyme. Enzymes are always larger than the substrate and they are flexible so that they can move and fold around the substrate (Refer to Figure.1). This is facilitated by the weak bonds that hold the enzyme in its functional shape. The union between an enzyme an d its substrate is called the enzyme -substrate complex. When a substrate is bound to the active site, particular chemical bonds of the substrate are weakened and the substrate bends. This lowers the activation energy to the point where the heat in the environment is sufficient to supply the activation energy to initiate the reaction (Chapter 7, Metabolism and Biochemistry). If the amount of the enzyme is kept constant and the substrate concentration is then gradually increased, the reaction velocity will increase until it reaches a maximum. After this point, increases in substrate concentration will not increase the velocity. This means that when this maximum velocity had been reached, all of the available enzyme has been converted to the enzyme-substrate complex (Refer to Figure.3). Michaelis developed a set of mathematical expressions to

Bicycle Helmet Safety Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bicycle Helmet Safety - Research Paper Example Zhu et.al (2011) further noted that 90 percent of kids of between 3-5 years did own a bicycle but only 20 percent of them possessed a helmet. Head helmets are vital in preventing head injuries in children that may even result to severe brain damage. By recommending use of helmets in cycling, we provide care for our children and care is one of the many aspects of the nursing practice. This research paper seeks to establish how helmet wearing in children reduces the number of bicycle related injuries. In this section articles to be used were selected. The researcher rephrased the research question as â€Å"Amongst the children of ages 4 to 16 years, how is use of helmets in cycling compared to non-use effective in preventing cycling related accidents?† Through the use of the Google Scholar search Engine, the researcher was able to obtain eight scholarly articles perceived important for the study. Through use of appropriate exclusion criteria, the researcher was able to reduce the number of the articles to four. The exclusion criteria were based on the relevance of the article to the study as well as the date of publication of the article. The four articles selected were less than eight years old and very detailed on the matter under investigation. They were therefore considered admissible fur use in the study. This section provides a summary and analysis of the purposes of the four scholarly articles. The study by Quirke et.al (2009) was aimed at assessing self –wearing helmet practice in young children of ages of 8-13 years. Seeginli et.al (2014) sought to assess the rate of helmet wearing and the different factors associated with helmet wearing amongst children of ages 8 to 16 years. On the other hand, Georgia Health Science University (2012) sought to determine how educating kids on the use of helmets increases

Discuss lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving Essay

Discuss lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving specific example to illustrate theory. Include the effects of substrate concentration, pH cha - Essay Example Enzymes have active sites which interact with the substrate. The structure of the active site is unique for that respective substrate. Just as a uniquely shaped key will only fit in to and open a matching lock, so it is with enzymes and their substrates. The wrong key may fit in to the lock, but nothing can happen because the match of shapes is not correct. This fit is so specific that the change in a single hydrogen atom in a molecule makes it lose its specificity to a particular enzyme. This means that it may not bind to the specific site and even if it does, the enzyme will be unable to do anything chemically to it. The substrate always fits into the enzymes active site and the active site is always a fold or groove in the enzyme. Enzymes are always larger than the substrate and they are flexible so that they can move and fold around the substrate (Refer to Figure.1). This is facilitated by the weak bonds that hold the enzyme in its functional shape. The union between an enzyme an d its substrate is called the enzyme -substrate complex. When a substrate is bound to the active site, particular chemical bonds of the substrate are weakened and the substrate bends. This lowers the activation energy to the point where the heat in the environment is sufficient to supply the activation energy to initiate the reaction (Chapter 7, Metabolism and Biochemistry). If the amount of the enzyme is kept constant and the substrate concentration is then gradually increased, the reaction velocity will increase until it reaches a maximum. After this point, increases in substrate concentration will not increase the velocity. This means that when this maximum velocity had been reached, all of the available enzyme has been converted to the enzyme-substrate complex (Refer to Figure.3). Michaelis developed a set of mathematical expressions to

Ethical Business Behavior Essay Example for Free

Ethical Business Behavior Essay For this paper I will be discussing Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) using Anglo-American and Primark case studies as examples. First, I will discuss what is meant by ethical business behavior. Second, I will discuss how Anglo-American and Primark apply ethics into their business practices. Third, I will discuss what the costs and benefits are to an organization when they behave ethically. Finally, I will choose one component from Svennson Woods’ model from â€Å"A Model of Business Ethics†, and discuss how it is relevant for Anglo-American. Ethical Business Behavior Ethical business behavior refers to an organizations actions and policies that are synergetic with doing the right thing (Sethi, 2003). Similar to the inherent laws of society that man has established that promote specific behaviors and actions that are deemed appropriate to build trust and relationships that last, it is similar in corporations. In order to operate ethically, organizations must also establish a clearly defined set of principles and a culture of ethical compliance that builds trust and confidence with their employees and their customers (Paine, 1994). Ethical business behavior is a combination of values and normative ethics, which drive an organization. Additionally, ethical business behavior is expected by society as a whole. Svennson Woods write, â€Å"Society does have expectations of business and of its business leaders† (Svennson Woods, 2008). Anglo-American and Primark are two companies that provide great strategies for practicing strong ethical busines s behaviors. Although both companies are in different industries, the fundamentals of their message of ethical compliance are similar in nature. Anglo American Anglo American, an international mining company operates throughout the world. According to the company, â€Å"It has extensive operations in Africa, where 76% of its employees live. It is also a major employer in Europe and employs nearly 7,000 people in the UK† (Anglo American, 2008). This company  is a major global producer and has an important role in this world economy. With the type of work this company does, and with the countries it operates in it is important for them to conduct their operations in an ethical manner. Anglo American applies corporate social responsibility through building communities in which they operate. According to the company’s ethical statement, â€Å"a long-term business such as ours will only thrive if it also takes into account the needs of other stakeholders such as governments, employees, suppliers, communities and customers.† (Anglo American, 2008) They also are focused on the safety of their employees. Operating in Africa can be dangerous at best and it is the responsibility of Anglo American to ensure its employees are working in a safe environment. The company has contributed to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights, which sets out principles and practices for ensuring that a company’s need to ensure the security of its employees and operations in volatile countries does not adversely impact upon the local population (Anglo American, 2008). Last, but not least, Anglo American is also dedicated to the environmental issues, combating corruption and promoting revenue transparency. Primark For Primark there business is to produce quality clothing items globally. The company is a part of the Associated British Foods (ABF), a diversified international food, ingredients and retail group. Primark has almost 200 stores across Ireland, the UK, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and Portugal (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). In relation to business ethics, Primark takes a strong position on their belief in their responsibility to be socially responsible and to practice strong ethical business decisions. As a producer of clothing with a global supply chain, Primark interacts with many 3rd party vendors from all across the world. The company has embraced the challenges of ensuring that all of its clothing supply sources come from an ethically driven manufacturing company (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). The company publicly stresses its ethical position in the following statement on its website, As an international brand with a global supply chain we have a  responsibility to act ethically. We embrace this responsibility as an opportunity to be a great force for good. Primark is committed to providing the best possible value for our customers, but not at the expense of the people who make our products (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). In addition, Primark takes many steps to ensure that ethical behavior occurs across its vast organization. As a global manufacturing company, Primark has over 600 major suppliers in over 16 countries, employing over 700,000 employees. Primark stresses the importance of human rights and appropriate employment conditions in all of their supplier locations as part of doing business with them. Primark also has an Ethical Trade Director whose job it is to oversee all global supplier operations and ensure ethical conditions exist in accordance to Primark standards. The Ethical Trade Director manages other ethics managers who are stationed across the globe to monitor all operations activities. Also, Primark is associated with being a member of the Ethical Trading Initiative which is a global network of companies, non government organizations, labor unions, and other organizations that focus on improving the lives of their workers across the globe (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). Primark bases its founding ethical principles on the International Labor Organizations (ILO) Code, which is an agency in the United Nations that combines representatives from governments, employers, and workers to help form the policies and programs for which they operate. Primark has also established its own corporate code of conduct that has been translated into 26 languages and is used at all locations to stress the importance of human rights, equality, and ethical behavior in the workforce (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). Costs and Benefits To Operating Ethically Every company has costs and benefits associated with doing business. Operating ethically also has its cost and benefits. First, when dealing with costs associated with doing business ethically, it’s important to note that competition must remain fair in order for social responsibility to develop. Friedman (1962, p. 133) contended that, ‘‘ there is one and only one social responsibility of business – to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the  rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition, without deception or fraud†. Benefits of doing ethical business not only benefits the organization, but the customers, communities, and shareholders. In addition to these benefits, a strong ethical program promotes a strong public image, which is very important in today’s business climate. Murray and Vogel (1997) determined that when consumers were aware of the fact that an enterprise had made a great deal of effort to fulfill its social responsibilities, they were much more willing to purchase this enterprise’s products. Mohr and Webb (2005) asserted that an enterprise’s responsible behaviors had positive effects on consumers’ evaluation of this enterprise and their purchasing intention and that an enterprise’s lower level of ethics would significantly reduce this purchasing intention. Another benefit of doing ethical business is that not only it helps the business achieve its objectives of profits and reputation, but also helps manage other departments in the business. A business following ethics will have ethical programs that would identify values and would make sure that organizational behavior is in adherence to those values. This will be very useful for different other programs within the business such as quality management, strategic planning and diversity management (McNamara). Quality management places high importance on certain operating values for example trust among employees, reliability, measurement and feedback (McNamara). If a business has set ethical values the process of quality management will be more reliable and the business will be able to offer better quality to the consumers enhancing its image and increasing its profitability. Moreover ethics management techniques may be useful for managing strategic values such as expanding market share (M cNamara) and will make strategic decisions with utmost care while considering the broader effects. So ethics in business has a broader effect and is not limited to reputation, profits and growth. International Business with Integrity Svennson Woods’ international business with integrity model from â€Å"A Model of Business Ethics† applies well to Anglo American due to the nature of mining operations in foreign nations and the environmental issues associated. It is expected that multi nationals’ corporations act ethically, not only because it is the right thing to do, but also it is within their power to do so. Svennson Woods’ (2008) write, â€Å"Citizens of first world societies expect their corporations to display integrity in their international business dealings.† According to Anglo American, one of their goals is to â€Å"mine in ways that minimize environmental impacts is more expensive than extracting resources regardless of impact† (Anglo American, 2008). The Pebble Project in Alaska is a good example of the way that Anglo American takes account of the environment. There was some concerned that the mine could damage fish stocks and wildlife. Therefore, Anglo Amer ican consulted widely and through a structured process with local people, politicians, businesses and especially indigenous people. Anglo American has made it clear that it will only seek to proceed with the project if it can be done without damage to the local fisheries (Anglo American, 2008). The environment is a major concern for people and governments around the world. Corporations have immense amount of pressure to produce goods to meet demand, but at the same time they have to be conscience about the environment. Countries around the world have laws governing environmental protection and there are several agencies to protect it. Conclusion To conclude, ethical business behavior is a combination of values and normative ethics, which drive an organization. Corporate social responsibility is important not only because it is the right thing to do, it also affects the stakeholders. Anglo American and Primark are examples of how major corporations can meet shareholder expectations, while conducting operations in an ethical manner. The costs and benefits associated with doing business ethically are important to take into consideration when reviewing ethics policies; however it is better to look at the long term benefits versus the short term costs. References: Anglo American. (2008). Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/new-downloads-pop.php?getFile=cHJpbWFyay9wcmltYXJrXzE1X2Z1bGwucGRm Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. (p. 133). Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://www.hh.se/download/18.70cf2e49129168da0158000103376/2007+Model-of-Business-Ethics.pdf McNamara, C. (n.d.). Complete guide to ethics management: An ethics toolkit for managers. Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/businessethics/ethics-guide.htm Primark. (2011). Providing consumers with ethically sourced garments. Retrieved from http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/new-downloads-pop.php?getFile=YW5nbG9fYW1lcmljYW4vYW5nbG9fYW1lcmljYW5fMTNfZnVsbC5wZGY Svensson, S., Woof, S. (2008). A model of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, (77), 303-322: DOI 10.1007/s10551-007-9351-2. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://www.hh.se/download/18.70cf2e49129168da0158000103376/2007%2BModel-of-Business-Ethics.pdf Sethi, S. P.: 2003, _Globalization and the Good Corporation: A Need for Proactive Co-existence_, Journal of Business Ethics 43, 21-31. Paine, L. S.: 1994, Managing for Organizational Integrity_, Harvard Business Review March/April, 106-117. Murray, K. B., Vogel, C. M. (1997). Using a hierarchy of effects approach to gauge the effectiveness of CSR to generate goodwill towards the firm: Financial versus non-financial impacts. Journal of Business Research, 38(2), 141–160. Mohr, L. A., Webb, D. J. (2005). The effects of corporate social responsibility and price on consumer responses. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39(1), 121–147.

Establishing Relationships in Support Work

Establishing Relationships in Support Work Haiyang Li There are many kinds of relationships in the world, for instance, parents and children, husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, friends, neighbors and etc. Normally, people think the relationship between supporters and clients is the same as doctor and clients. However, there are a lot of differences. In this essay, I will demonstrate what a supporting relationship should be, identifying the key theoretical principles to establish a supporting relationship. In between, I will connect the theoretical principles with the case study, and demonstrate how the principles work in the real situation. To build a supporting relationship, the supporter needs to put his heart in the support work using all the helping skills and Personal-Certred Approach as a guide in the real work. The relationship between supporter and client was seen as someone who can talk to. It looks very simple. However, the supporter is the one who can be trust, the one who can understand the problems or the situation the clients in, the one can accept the fact of clients hold, and the one can be allowed to provide help for the client. In order to become that kind supporter, the helper need to prepare relevant knowledge to understand the situation, history, strength and worries the client has. the relationship is about building a rapport and trust with the supporter. The client may feel comfortable enough to open up and address their problems. This kind of relationship is built on confidentiality and reliability. In this case, ‘Spider’, he is a 19 years old boy. The situation of him is that he is sleeping in the nearby park. He is lack of education but he learned from street knowing how to survive on the street but poor living conditions. The history of him is that he has family abuse history and has been lived in foster homes for a few years and change foster home frequently in those years. He was not good at school study left school when he was 14. After he turned to 18, he lost government support and then he had to live in the street in the poor living condition and use street drugs for himself. The strength of him is that he identifies himself as a resourceful, determined and smart street dweller. He wants to start a new way of life which is moving out from the street, finding a job, requiring more knowledge and having his own living place. He hopes that he can have his own family. He has very strong desire to move on for his life to start working forward to his dream. The worries of him are homelessness, unemployment and reuse street drugs. From case study, I think the Person-Centred Approach is suitable and helpful for us to understand and care for him. The Person-Centred Approach developed from the work of Dr. Carl Rogers. The research (Richard, 1992) indicates that the Person-Centred Approach theory aim to develop or create a relationship that can allow the clients to be themselves. The relationship can be felt safe for the client and give them space to develop and grow. To achieve this goal, the supporter would be a person who was deeply understanding which is empathic in the theory; accepting which is having unconditional positive regard and genuine which is congruent in the principle. Using Person-Centred Approach theory, the supporter needs to understand what has happened to him. Firstly, when he was young, he was suffering from neglect and abuse in his family. The research (Smith Segal, 2012) shows that Negligence, on the part of parents or caretakers, can cause children both physical and mental health problems. Parents or caretakers carelessness can be seen as a kind of physicalabuse. Children’s fear is also from unpredictable environment change and behavior of their guardians. The guardians successfully manage to plunge fear in the hearts of the children. As a result children who suffered from family physical abuse always pay attention on the negative emotions of their caretakers or parents. So, when these children grow up, the childhood experience has impacted on their personalities and behavior as well. Research (Soomro, Abbasi Lalani, 2014) shows that they may encounter physical problems such as asthma, high blood pressure, ulcer, allergies, etc; p sychological problems such as personal disorders and aggressive demeanor and behavior problems such as felony, drug habits and poor academic performance. In this case, ‘Spider’ shows his behavior problems which are not successful in school and drug problems. And street drug problem still drag him back to the street. Secondly, he had been into the foster home but change frequent between foster homes. The foster care system seems another ideal choice for them; however, it is not always helpful when these young people need help. These adolescents have been impacted by the homeless issue and cause their social and health problem (Joanne Patricia, 2006). Children who have been put in the foster care home experienced about the relationship attached between them and their caretakers or their foster home parents. This link is very important for children’s development. Research (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) indicated that Disruptions in attachment relationships can lead to Reactive Attachment Disorder of infancy or early Childhood. In this case, ‘Spider’ has experienced the frequently changes in foster care homes. This impact may shows on him when he grows up. He may have difficulty trust or related with somebody else such as our supporters. So this may be a barrier in est ablishing supporting relationships. So from this case, as a supporter, I understand that the most problems of him have not controlled by himself. He has no choices that born from a family where abuse him when he was young. For rescuing him, he has been put into foster care. The child abuse experience makes his misbehavior in the foster home and school. He does not prepare enough for his independent life before he had been abandoned from foster care home. He has to live in the street in a rough condition so that he has the opportunity to connect with street drugs. I am also glad that he is still holding his hope on his future. He wants to be employed, educated and to have a living place. The internal motivation is the most important helper for him to reach his goal because an important part of this theory is that in a particular psychological environment, the fulfillment of personal potential is a desire to know and be known by other people (British Association for the Person Centred Approach, 2015). After understanding about the client, the supporter needs to preparing himself with communication skills, action skills, mind skills and using unconditional positive regard to start a conversation with the client. Richard (2012) indicates that the Communication and action skills are what people do and how they do it rather than what and how they feel and think. The skills include listening skills, questioning skills and challenging skills. Supporter and clients can use verbal messages, vocal messages, body messages, touch messages and taking action messages to communication with each other. In the Person-Centred Approach theory, supporter needs to use positively acceptant response to the client. Use warm and appropriate expression to send messages to build a different kind of relationships so the client may feel free to talk and express himself. Also, in genuine part, the supporter need to show client that client has been heard. It is important to show that the supporter is paying attention in the conversation they have. The supporter may use verbal messages to reflecting what the client said; may use face expression to let client know the support was thinking about what client said; or the supporter, may use taking action messages to make a note to show his listening. That is the main difference of the relationship with doctor, nurse or social worker. John and Julia (2011) research shows that these professional people tend to provide advices response rather than listening. They are looking for the solution rather than the process of helping people finding their own pro blems the helping relationship is focus on people. It is the way for people to rescue themselves. I understand of mind skills is the process to know yourself and your own experience in order to use your own experience to help the client. in this case, we can share the same experience when ourselves in the difficult situation. Out experience may difference with his abuse, foster care, homelessness history but we have our difficult time such as hard to find a job and do not know what to do next in life. The important that we share how we concur the difficulty, what effort we made and never lose the hope. To sum up, the support work is how you treat someone who needs help and how to provide help. The first to start a relationship, as the Person-Certred Approach suggested, understanding what the client is, such as who he is, what the situation he is in, what the problem he has and what worries he may have. Then before start a conversation, the supporter needs to provide a comfortable and safe environment for the client. One meaning of the environment is physical environment that may include the nice place to sit, comfortable and no interrupting noise. The other meaning of the environment is between supporter and the client. The supporter need to prepare an environment that the client can open his heart and willing to share his story. In order to do so, the supporter need to use the communication and action skills, use his voice, use positive unconditional regards, use acceptance attitude and use congruent skills to show that the supporter is ready and willing to accept the client. Also , the supporter needs to keep the confidentially of the conversation. So the client feels trustworthy and safe to talk to the supporter. References British Association for the Person Centred Approach, 2015. What is the Person-Centred Approach? Retrieved fromhttp://www.bapca.org.uk/about/what-is-it.html Joanne, O., Patricia, L. (2006). Adolescent Homelessness, Nursing, and Public Health Policy. Policy, Politics, Nursing Practice, 7(1), 73-77. doi: 10.1177/1527154406286663 John, M., Julia, M. (2011). Counseling Skills a practical guide for counselors and helping professionals. (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Open University Press Richard, N. (1992). Lifeskills Helping A text book of practical counseling and helping skills. (3nd ed.). NSW, Australia: Harcourt Brace Company. Richard, N. (2012). Basic counseling skills a helper’s manual. (3rd ed.). London, UK. Sage publications Ltd. Smith, M., Segal, J. (2012, July).Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved July 25, 2012, from Helpguide:http://www.helpguide.org/mental/child%5Fabuse%5Fphysical%5Femotional%5Fsexual%5Fneglect.htm Soomro, S., Abbasi,Z. Lalani, F. (2014). An Indepth Insight intoChildAbuseand itsImpacton Personality of Victims. International Research Journal of Art Humanities. 10 (40), 53-68. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/eds/detail/detail?vid=2sid=3dbcd49c-02aa-456b-9c1e-d379c403696f%40sessionmgr4002hid=4208bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=hlhAN=99236148